mirror of
https://github.com/ethereum/solidity
synced 2023-10-03 13:03:40 +00:00
190 lines
6.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
190 lines
6.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
|
#################################################
|
||
|
Joyfully Universal Language for (Inline) Assembly
|
||
|
#################################################
|
||
|
|
||
|
.. _julia:
|
||
|
|
||
|
.. index:: ! assembly, ! asm, ! evmasm, ! julia
|
||
|
|
||
|
JULIA is an intermediate language that can compile to various different backends
|
||
|
(EVM 1.0, EVM 1.5 and eWASM are planned).
|
||
|
Because of that, it is designed to be as featureless as possible.
|
||
|
It can already be used for "inline assembly" inside Solidity and
|
||
|
future versions of the Solidity compiler will even use JULIA as intermediate
|
||
|
language. It should also be easy to build high-level optimizer stages for JULIA.
|
||
|
|
||
|
The core components of JULIA are functions, blocks, variables, literals,
|
||
|
for-loops, switch-statements, expressions and assignments to variables.
|
||
|
|
||
|
JULIA in itself does not even provide operators. If the EVM is targeted,
|
||
|
opcodes will be available as built-in functions, but they can be reimplemented
|
||
|
if the backend changes.
|
||
|
|
||
|
The following example program assumes that the EVM opcodes ``mul``, ``div``
|
||
|
and ``mod`` are available either natively or as functions and computes exponentiation.
|
||
|
|
||
|
.. code::
|
||
|
|
||
|
{
|
||
|
function power(base, exponent) -> (result)
|
||
|
{
|
||
|
switch exponent
|
||
|
0: { result := 1 }
|
||
|
1: { result := base }
|
||
|
default:
|
||
|
{
|
||
|
result := power(mul(base, base), div(exponent, 2))
|
||
|
switch mod(exponent, 2)
|
||
|
1: { result := mul(base, result) }
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
It is also possible to implement the same function using a for-loop
|
||
|
instead of recursion. Here, we need the EVM opcodes ``lt`` (less-than)
|
||
|
and ``add`` to be available.
|
||
|
|
||
|
.. code::
|
||
|
|
||
|
{
|
||
|
function power(base, exponent) -> (result)
|
||
|
{
|
||
|
result := 1
|
||
|
for { let i := 0 } lt(i, exponent) { i := add(i, 1) }
|
||
|
{
|
||
|
result := mul(result, base)
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
}
|
||
|
|
||
|
Specification of JULIA
|
||
|
======================
|
||
|
|
||
|
Grammar::
|
||
|
|
||
|
Block = '{' Statement* '}'
|
||
|
Statement =
|
||
|
Block |
|
||
|
FunctionDefinition |
|
||
|
VariableDeclaration |
|
||
|
Assignment |
|
||
|
Expression |
|
||
|
Switch |
|
||
|
ForLoop |
|
||
|
BreakContinue |
|
||
|
SubAssembly
|
||
|
FunctionDefinition =
|
||
|
'function' Identifier '(' IdentifierList? ')'
|
||
|
( '->' '(' IdentifierList ')' )? Block
|
||
|
VariableDeclaration =
|
||
|
'let' IdentifierOrList ':=' Expression
|
||
|
Assignment =
|
||
|
IdentifierOrList ':=' Expression
|
||
|
Expression =
|
||
|
FunctionCall | Identifier | Literal
|
||
|
Switch =
|
||
|
'switch' Expression Case* ( 'default' ':' Block )?
|
||
|
Case =
|
||
|
'case' Expression ':' Block
|
||
|
ForLoop =
|
||
|
'for' Block Expression Block Block
|
||
|
BreakContinue =
|
||
|
'break' | 'continue'
|
||
|
SubAssembly =
|
||
|
'assembly' Identifier Block
|
||
|
FunctionCall =
|
||
|
Identifier '(' ( Expression ( ',' Expression )* )? ')'
|
||
|
IdentifierOrList = Identifier | '(' IdentifierList ')'
|
||
|
Identifier = [a-zA-Z_$] [a-zA-Z_0-9]*
|
||
|
IdentifierList = Identifier ( ',' Identifier)*
|
||
|
Literal =
|
||
|
NumberLiteral | StringLiteral | HexLiteral
|
||
|
NumberLiteral = HexNumber | DecimalNumber
|
||
|
HexLiteral = 'hex' ('"' ([0-9a-fA-F]{2})* '"' | '\'' ([0-9a-fA-F]{2})* '\'')
|
||
|
StringLiteral = '"' ([^"\r\n\\] | '\\' .)* '"'
|
||
|
HexNumber = '0x' [0-9a-fA-F]+
|
||
|
DecimalNumber = [0-9]+
|
||
|
|
||
|
Restrictions on the Grammar
|
||
|
---------------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
Scopes in JULIA are tied to Blocks and all declarations
|
||
|
(``FunctionDefinition``, ``VariableDeclaration`` and ``SubAssembly``)
|
||
|
introduce new identifiers into these scopes. Shadowing is disallowed
|
||
|
|
||
|
Talk about identifiers across functions etc
|
||
|
|
||
|
Restriction for Expression: Statements have to return empty tuple
|
||
|
Function arguments have to be single item
|
||
|
|
||
|
Restriction for VariableDeclaration and Assignment: Number of elements left and right needs to be the same
|
||
|
continue and break only in for loop
|
||
|
|
||
|
Literals have to fit 32 bytes
|
||
|
|
||
|
Formal Specification
|
||
|
--------------------
|
||
|
|
||
|
We formally specify JULIA by providing an evaluation function E overloaded
|
||
|
on the various nodes of the AST. Any functions can have side effects, so
|
||
|
E takes a state objects and the actual argument and also returns new
|
||
|
state objects and new arguments. There is a global state object
|
||
|
(which in the context of the EVM is the memory, storage and state of the
|
||
|
blockchain) and a local state object (the state of local variables, i.e. a
|
||
|
segment of the stack in the EVM).
|
||
|
|
||
|
The the evaluation function E takes a global state, a local state and
|
||
|
a node of the AST and returns a new global state, a new local state
|
||
|
and a value (if the AST node is an expression).
|
||
|
|
||
|
We use sequence numbers as a shorthand for the order of evaluation
|
||
|
and how state is forwarded. For example, ``E2(x), E1(y)`` is a shorthand
|
||
|
for
|
||
|
|
||
|
For ``(S1, z) = E(S, y)`` let ``(S2, w) = E(S1, x)``. TODO
|
||
|
|
||
|
.. code::
|
||
|
|
||
|
E(G, L, <{St1, ..., Stn}>: Block) =
|
||
|
let L' be a copy of L that adds a new inner scope which contains
|
||
|
all functions and variables declared in the block (but not its sub-blocks)
|
||
|
variables are marked inactive for now
|
||
|
TODO: more formal
|
||
|
G1, L'1 = E(G, L', St1)
|
||
|
G2, L'2 = E(G1, L'1, St2)
|
||
|
...
|
||
|
Gn, L'n = E(G(n-1), L'(n-1), Stn)
|
||
|
let L'' be a copy of L'n where the innermost scope is removed
|
||
|
Gn, L''
|
||
|
E(G, L, <function fname (param1, ..., paramn) -> (ret1, ..., retm) block>: FunctionDefinition) =
|
||
|
G, L
|
||
|
E(G, L, <let (var1, ..., varn) := value>: VariableDeclaration) =
|
||
|
E(G, L, <(var1, ..., varn) := value>: Assignment)
|
||
|
E(G, L, <(var1, ..., varn) := value>: Assignment) =
|
||
|
let G', L', v1, ..., vn = E(G, L, value)
|
||
|
let L'' be a copy of L' where L'[vi] = vi for i = 1, ..., n
|
||
|
G, L''
|
||
|
E(G, L, name: Identifier) =
|
||
|
G, L, L[name]
|
||
|
E(G, L, fname(arg1, ..., argn): FunctionCall) =
|
||
|
G1, L1, vn = E(G, L, argn)
|
||
|
...
|
||
|
G(n-1), L(n-1), v2 = E(G(n-2), L(n-2), arg2)
|
||
|
Gn, Ln, v1 = E(G(n-1), L(n-1), arg1)
|
||
|
Let <function fname (param1, ..., paramn) -> (ret1, ..., retm) block>
|
||
|
be the function L[fname].
|
||
|
Let L' be a copy of L that does not contain any variables in any scope,
|
||
|
but which has a new innermost scope such that
|
||
|
L'[parami] = vi and L'[reti] = 0
|
||
|
Let G'', L'', rv1, ..., rvm = E(Gn, L', block)
|
||
|
G'', Ln, rv1, ..., rvm
|
||
|
E(G, L, l: HexLiteral) = G, L, hexString(l),
|
||
|
where hexString decodes l from hex and left-aligns in into 32 bytes
|
||
|
E(G, L, l: StringLiteral) = G, L, utf8EncodeLeftAligned(l),
|
||
|
where utf8EncodeLeftAligned performs a utf8 encoding of l
|
||
|
and aligns it left into 32 bytes
|
||
|
E(G, L, n: HexNumber) = G, L, hex(n)
|
||
|
where hex is the hexadecimal decoding function
|
||
|
E(G, L, n: DecimalNumber) = G, L, dec(n),
|
||
|
where dec is the decimal decoding function
|