253 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
253 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# Lighthouse: an Ethereum 2.0 client
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[](https://travis-ci.org/sigp/lighthouse) [](https://gitter.im/sigp/lighthouse?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge)
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A work-in-progress, open-source implementation of the Ethereum 2.0 Beacon
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Chain, maintained by Sigma Prime.
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## Introduction
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This readme is split into two major sections:
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- [Lighthouse Client](#lighthouse-client): information about this
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implementation.
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- [What is Ethereum 2.0](#what-is-ethereum-20): an introduction to Ethereum 2.0.
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If you'd like some background on Sigma Prime, please see the [Lighthouse Update
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\#00](https://lighthouse.sigmaprime.io/update-00.html) blog post or the
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[company website](https://sigmaprime.io).
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## Lighthouse Client
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Lighthouse is an open-source Ethereum 2.0 client that is currently under
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development. Designed as an Ethereum 2.0-only client, Lighthouse will not
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re-implement the existing proof-of-work protocol. Maintaining a forward-focus
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on Ethereum 2.0 ensures that Lighthouse avoids reproducing the high-quality
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work already undertaken by existing projects. As such, Lighthouse will connect
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to existing clients, such as
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[Geth](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum) or
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[Parity-Ethereum](https://github.com/paritytech/parity-ethereum), via RPC to enable
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present-Ethereum functionality.
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### Goals
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The purpose of this project is to further research and development towards a
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secure, efficient, and decentralized Ethereum protocol, facilitated by a new
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open-source Ethereum 2.0 client.
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In addition to implementing a new client, the project seeks to maintain and
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improve the Ethereum protocol wherever possible.
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### Components
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The following list describes some of the components actively under development
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by the team:
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- **BLS cryptography**: Lighthouse presently use the [Apache
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Milagro](https://milagro.apache.org/) cryptography library to create and
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verify BLS aggregate signatures. BLS signatures are core to Eth 2.0 as they
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allow the signatures of many validators to be compressed into a constant 96
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bytes and efficiently verified. The Lighthouse project is presently
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maintaining its own [BLS aggregates
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library](https://github.com/sigp/signature-schemes), gratefully forked from
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[@lovesh](https://github.com/lovesh).
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- **DoS-resistant block pre-processing**: Processing blocks in proof-of-stake
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is more resource intensive than proof-of-work. As such, clients need to
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ensure that bad blocks can be rejected as efficiently as possible. At
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present, blocks having 10 million ETH staked can be processed in 0.006
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seconds, and invalid blocks are rejected even more quickly. See [issue
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#103](https://github.com/ethereum/beacon_chain/issues/103) on
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[ethereum/beacon_chain](https://github.com/ethereum/beacon_chain).
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.
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- **P2P networking**: Eth 2.0 will likely use the [libp2p
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framework](https://libp2p.io/). Lighthouse aims to work alongside
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[Parity](https://www.parity.io/) to ensure
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[libp2p-rust](https://github.com/libp2p/rust-libp2p) is fit-for-purpose.
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- **Validator duties** : The project involves development of "validator
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services" for users who wish to stake ETH. To fulfill their duties,
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validators require a consistent view of the chain and the ability to vote
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upon blocks from both shard and beacon chains.
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- **New serialization formats**: Lighthouse is working alongside researchers
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from the Ethereum Foundation to develop *simpleserialize* (SSZ), a
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purpose-built serialization format for sending information across a network.
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Check out the [SSZ
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implementation](https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/tree/master/beacon_chain/utils/ssz)
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and this
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[research](https://github.com/sigp/serialization_sandbox/blob/report/report/serialization_report.md)
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on serialization formats for more information.
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- **Casper FFG fork-choice**: The [Casper
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FFG](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.09437) fork-choice rules allow the chain to
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select a canonical chain in the case of a fork.
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- **Efficient state transition logic**: State transition logic governs
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updates to the validator set as validators log in/out, penalizes/rewards
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validators, rotates validators across shards, and implements other core tasks.
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- **Fuzzing and testing environments**: Implementation of lab environments with
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continuous integration (CI) workflows, providing automated security analysis.
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In addition to these components we are also working on database schemas, RPC
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frameworks, specification development, database optimizations (e.g.,
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bloom-filters), and tons of other interesting stuff (at least we think so).
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### Contributing
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**Lighthouse welcomes contributors with open-arms.**
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Layer-1 infrastructure is a critical component for the ecosystem and relies
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heavily on contributions from the community. Building Ethereum 2.0 is a huge
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task and we refuse to conduct an inappropriate ICO or charge licensing fees.
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Instead, we fund development through grants and support from Sigma Prime.
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If you would like to learn more about Ethereum 2.0 and/or
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[Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/), we are more than happy to on-board you
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and assign you some tasks. We aim to be as accepting and understanding as
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possible; we are more than happy to up-skill contributors in exchange for their
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assistance with the project.
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Alternatively, if you are an ETH/Rust veteran, we'd love your input. We're
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always looking for the best way to implement things and welcome all
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respectful criticisms.
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If you'd like to contribute, try having a look through the [open
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issues](https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/issues) (tip: look for the [good
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first
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issue](https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)
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tag) and ping us on the [gitter](https://gitter.im/sigp/lighthouse) channel. We need
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your support!
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### Running
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**NOTE: The cryptography libraries used in this implementation are
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experimental. As such all cryptography is assumed to be insecure.**
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This code-base is still very much under-development and does not provide any
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user-facing functionality. For developers and researchers, there are several
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tests and benchmarks which may be of interest.
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To run tests, use:
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```
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$ cargo test --all
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```
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To run benchmarks, use:
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```
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$ cargo bench --all
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```
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Lighthouse presently runs on Rust `stable`, however, benchmarks currently require the
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`nightly` version.
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### Engineering Ethos
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Lighthouse aims to produce many small easily-tested components, each separated
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into individual crates wherever possible.
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Generally, tests can be kept in the same file, as is typical in Rust.
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Integration tests should be placed in the `tests` directory in the crate's
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root. Particularity large (line-count) tests should be placed into a separate
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file.
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A function is not considered complete until a test exists for it. We produce
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tests to protect against regression (accidentally breaking things) and to
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provide examples that help readers of the code base understand how functions
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should (or should not) be used.
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Each pull request is to be reviewed by at least one "core developer" (i.e.,
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someone with write-access to the repository). This helps to ensure bugs are
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detected, consistency is maintained, and responsibility of errors is dispersed.
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Discussion must be respectful and intellectual. Have fun and make jokes, but
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always respect the limits of other people.
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### Directory Structure
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Here we provide an overview of the directory structure:
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- `/beacon_chain`: contains logic derived directly from the specification.
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E.g., shuffling algorithms, state transition logic and structs, block
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validation, BLS crypto, etc.
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- `/lighthouse`: contains logic specific to this client implementation. E.g.,
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CLI parsing, RPC end-points, databases, etc.
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## Contact
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The best place for discussion is the [sigp/lighthouse gitter](https://gitter.im/sigp/lighthouse).
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Ping @paulhauner or @AgeManning to get the quickest response.
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# What is Ethereum 2.0
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Ethereum 2.0 refers to a new blockchain system currently under development by
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the Ethereum Foundation and the Ethereum community. The Ethereum 2.0 blockchain
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consists of 1,025 proof-of-stake blockchains. This includes the "beacon chain"
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and 1,024 "shard chains".
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## Beacon Chain
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The concept of a beacon chain differs from existing blockchains, such as
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Bitcoin and Ethereum, in that it doesn't process transactions per se. Instead,
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it maintains a set of bonded (staked) validators and coordinates these to
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provide services to a static set of *sub-blockchains* (i.e. shards). Each of
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these shard blockchains processes normal transactions (e.g. "Transfer 5 ETH
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from A to B") in parallel whilst deferring consensus mechanisms to the beacon
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chain.
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Major services provided by the beacon chain to its shards include the following:
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- A source of entropy, likely using a [RANDAO + VDF
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scheme](https://ethresear.ch/t/minimal-vdf-randomness-beacon/3566).
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- Validator management, including:
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- Inducting and ejecting validators.
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- Assigning randomly-shuffled subsets of validators to particular shards.
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- Penalizing and rewarding validators.
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- Proof-of-stake consensus for shard chain blocks.
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## Shard Chains
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Shards are analogous to CPU cores - they're a resource where transactions can
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execute in series (one-after-another). Presently, Ethereum is single-core and
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can only _fully_ process one transaction at a time. Sharding allows processing
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of multiple transactions simultaneously, greatly increasing the per-second
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transaction capacity of Ethereum.
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Each shard uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism and shares its validators
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(stakers) with other shards. The beacon chain rotates validators
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pseudo-randomly between different shards. Shards will likely be the basis of
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layer-2 transaction processing schemes, however, that is not in scope of this
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discussion.
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## The Proof-of-Work Chain
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The present-Ethereum proof-of-work (PoW) chain will host a smart contract that
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enables accounts to deposit 32 ETH, a BLS public key, and some [other
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parameters](https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/master/specs/casper_sharding_v2.1.md#pow-chain-changes),
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allowing them to become beacon chain validators. Each beacon chain will
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reference a PoW block hash allowing PoW clients to use the beacon chain as a
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source of [Casper FFG finality](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.09437), if desired.
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It is a requirement that ETH can move freely between shard chains, as well as between
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Eth 2.0 and present-Ethereum blockchains. The exact mechanics of these transfers remain
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an active topic of research and their details are yet to be confirmed.
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## Ethereum 2.0 Progress
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Ethereum 2.0 is not fully specified and a working implementation does not yet
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exist. Some teams have demos available which indicate progress, but do not
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constitute a complete product. We look forward to providing user functionality
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once we are ready to provide a minimum-viable user experience.
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The work-in-progress Eth 2.0 specification lives
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[here](https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/master/specs/casper_sharding_v2.1.md)
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in the [ethereum/eth2.0-specs](https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs)
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repository. The spec is still in a draft phase, however there are several teams
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basing their Eth 2.0 implementations upon it while the Ethereum Foundation research
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team continue to fill in the gaps. There is active discussion about the specification in the
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[ethereum/sharding](https://gitter.im/ethereum/sharding) gitter channel. A
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proof-of-concept implementation in Python is available at
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[ethereum/beacon_chain](https://github.com/ethereum/beacon_chain).
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Presently, the specification focuses almost exclusively on the beacon chain,
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as it is the focus of current development efforts. Progress on shard chain
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specification will soon follow.
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