lighthouse/book/src/builders.md

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV)

Lighthouse is able to interact with servers that implement the builder API, allowing it to produce blocks without having knowledge of the transactions included in the block. This enables Lighthouse to outsource the job of transaction gathering/ordering within a block to parties specialized in this particular task. For economic reasons, these parties will refuse to reveal the list of transactions to the validator before the validator has committed to (i.e. signed) the block. A primer on MEV can be found here.

Using the builder API is not known to introduce additional slashing risks, however a live-ness risk (i.e. the ability for the chain to produce valid blocks) is introduced because your node will be signing blocks without executing the transactions within the block. Therefore, it won't know whether the transactions are valid, and it may sign a block that the network will reject. This would lead to a missed proposal and the opportunity cost of lost block rewards.

How to connect to a builder

The beacon node and validator client each require a new flag for lighthouse to be fully compatible with builder API servers.

lighthouse bn --builder https://mainnet-builder.test

The --builder flag will cause the beacon node to query the provided URL during block production for a block payload with stubbed-out transactions. If this request fails, Lighthouse will fall back to the local execution engine and produce a block using transactions gathered and verified locally.

The beacon node will only query for this type of block (a "blinded" block) when a validator specifically requests it. Otherwise, it will continue to serve full blocks as normal. In order to configure the validator client to query for blinded blocks, you should use the following flag:

lighthouse vc --builder-proposals

With the --builder-proposals flag, the validator client will ask for blinded blocks for all validators it manages. In order to configure whether a validator queries for blinded blocks check out this section.

Multiple builders

Lighthouse currently only supports a connection to a single builder. If you'd like to connect to multiple builders or relays, run one of the following services and configure lighthouse to use it with the --builder flag.

• mev-boost
• mev-rs

Validator Client Configuration

In the validator client you can configure gas limit and fee recipient on a per-validator basis. If no gas limit is configured, Lighthouse will use a default gas limit of 30,000,000, which is the current default value used in execution engines. You can also enable or disable use of external builders on a per-validator basis rather than using --builder-proposals, which enables external builders for all validators. In order to manage these configurations per-validator, you can either make updates to the validator_definitions.yml file or you can use the HTTP requests described below.

Both the gas limit and fee recipient will be passed along as suggestions to connected builders. If there is a discrepancy in either, it will not keep you from proposing a block with the builder. This is because the bounds on gas limit are calculated based on prior execution blocks, so an honest external builder will make sure that even if your requested gas limit value is out of the specified range, a valid gas limit in the direction of your request will be used in constructing the block. Depending on the connected relay, payment to the proposer might be in the form of a transaction within the block to the fee recipient, so a discrepancy in fee recipient might not indicate that there is something afoot.

Note: The gas limit configured here is effectively a vote on block size, so the configuration should not be taken lightly. 30,000,000 is currently seen as a value balancing block size with how expensive it is for the network to validate blocks. So if you don't feel comfortable making an informed "vote", using the default value is encouraged. We will update the default value if the community reaches a rough consensus on a new value.

Set Gas Limit via HTTP

To update gas limit per-validator you can use the standard key manager API.

Alternatively, you can use the lighthouse API. See below for an example.

Enable/Disable builder proposals via HTTP

Use the lighthouse API to enable/disable use of the builder API on a per-validator basis. You can also update the configured gas limit with these requests.

PATCH /lighthouse/validators/:voting_pubkey

HTTP Specification

Property	Specification
Path	/lighthouse/validators/:voting_pubkey
Method	PATCH
Required Headers	Authorization
Typical Responses	200, 400

Example Path

localhost:5062/lighthouse/validators/0xb0148e6348264131bf47bcd1829590e870c836dc893050fd0dadc7a28949f9d0a72f2805d027521b45441101f0cc1cde

Example Request Body

Each field is optional.

{
    "builder_proposals": true,
    "gas_limit": 30000001
}

Command:

DATADIR=/var/lib/lighthouse
curl -X PATCH "http://localhost:5062/lighthouse/validators/0xb0148e6348264131bf47bcd1829590e870c836dc893050fd0dadc7a28949f9d0a72f2805d027521b45441101f0cc1cde" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $(sudo cat ${DATADIR}/validators/api-token.txt)" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
    "builder_proposals": true,
    "gas_limit": 30000001
}' | jq

Example Response Body

null

A null response indicates that the request is successful. At the same time, lighthouse vc will show a log which looks like:

INFO Published validator registrations to the builder network, count: 3, service: preparation

Fee Recipient

Refer to suggested fee recipient documentation.

Validator definitions example

You can also directly configure these fields in the validator_definitions.yml file.

---
- enabled: true
  voting_public_key: "0x87a580d31d7bc69069b55f5a01995a610dd391a26dc9e36e81057a17211983a79266800ab8531f21f1083d7d84085007"
  type: local_keystore
  voting_keystore_path: /home/paul/.lighthouse/validators/0x87a580d31d7bc69069b55f5a01995a610dd391a26dc9e36e81057a17211983a79266800ab8531f21f1083d7d84085007/voting-keystore.json
  voting_keystore_password_path: /home/paul/.lighthouse/secrets/0x87a580d31d7bc69069b55f5a01995a610dd391a26dc9e36e81057a17211983a79266800ab8531f21f1083d7d84085007
  suggested_fee_recipient: "0x6cc8dcbca744a6e4ffedb98e1d0df903b10abd21"
  gas_limit: 30000001
  builder_proposals: true
- enabled: false
  voting_public_key: "0xa5566f9ec3c6e1fdf362634ebec9ef7aceb0e460e5079714808388e5d48f4ae1e12897fed1bea951c17fa389d511e477"
  type: local_keystore voting_keystore_path: /home/paul/.lighthouse/validators/0xa5566f9ec3c6e1fdf362634ebec9ef7aceb0e460e5079714808388e5d48f4ae1e12897fed1bea951c17fa389d511e477/voting-keystore.json
  voting_keystore_password: myStrongpa55word123&$
  suggested_fee_recipient: "0xa2e334e71511686bcfe38bb3ee1ad8f6babcc03d"
  gas_limit: 33333333
  builder_proposals: true

Circuit breaker conditions

By outsourcing payload construction and signing blocks without verifying transactions, we are creating a new risk to live-ness. If most of the network is using a small set of relays and one is bugged, a string of missed proposals could happen quickly. This is not only generally bad for the network, but if you have a proposal coming up, you might not realize that your next proposal is likely to be missed until it's too late. So we've implemented some "chain health" checks to try and avoid scenarios like this.

By default, Lighthouse is strict with these conditions, but we encourage users to learn about and adjust them.

• --builder-fallback-skips - If we've seen this number of skip slots on the canonical chain in a row prior to proposing, we will NOT query any connected builders, and will use the local execution engine for payload construction.
• --builder-fallback-skips-per-epoch - If we've seen this number of skip slots on the canonical chain in the past SLOTS_PER_EPOCH, we will NOT query any connected builders, and will use the local execution engine for payload construction.
• --builder-fallback-epochs-since-finalization - If we're proposing and the chain has not finalized within this number of epochs, we will NOT query any connected builders, and will use the local execution engine for payload construction. Setting this value to anything less than 2 will cause the node to NEVER query connected builders. Setting it to 2 will cause this condition to be hit if there are skips slots at the start of an epoch, right before this node is set to propose.
• --builder-fallback-disable-checks - This flag disables all checks related to chain health. This means the builder API will always be used for payload construction, regardless of recent chain conditions.

Builder Profit Threshold

If you are generally uneasy with the risks associated with outsourced payload production (liveness/censorship) but would consider using it for the chance of out-sized rewards, this flag may be useful:

--builder-profit-threshold <WEI_VALUE>

The number provided indicates the minimum reward that an external payload must provide the proposer for it to be considered for inclusion in a proposal. For example, if you'd only like to use an external payload for a reward of >= 0.25 ETH, you would provide your beacon node with --builder-profit-threshold 250000000000000000. If it's your turn to propose and the most valuable payload offered by builders is only 0.1 ETH, the local execution engine's payload will be used.

Since the Capella upgrade, a comparison of the external payload and local payload will be made according to the engine_getPayloadV2 API. The logic is as follows:

if local payload value >= builder payload value:
   use local payload
else if builder payload value >= builder_profit_threshold or builder_profit_threshold == 0:
   use builder payload
else:
   use local payload

Checking your builder config

You can check that your builder is configured correctly by looking for these log messages.

On start-up, the beacon node will log if a builder is configured:

INFO Using external block builder

At regular intervals the validator client will log that it successfully registered its validators with the builder network:

INFO Published validator registrations to the builder network

When you successfully propose a block using a builder, you will see this log on the beacon node:

INFO Successfully published a block to the builder network

If you don't see that message around the time of your proposals, check your beacon node logs for INFO and WARN messages indicating why the builder was not used.

Examples of messages indicating fallback to a locally produced block are:

INFO Builder did not return a payload

WARN Builder error when requesting payload

WARN Builder returned invalid payload

INFO Builder payload ignored

INFO Chain is unhealthy, using local payload

In case of fallback you should see a log indicating that the locally produced payload was used in place of one from the builder:

INFO Reconstructing a full block using a local payload