2238 lines
76 KiB
HTML
2238 lines
76 KiB
HTML
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<a href="/doc/">Documents</a>
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<a href="/ref/">References</a>
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<div id="heading"><a href="/">The Go Programming Language</a></div>
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<div id="plusone"><g:plusone size="small" annotation="none"></g:plusone></div>
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<h1>Go 1 Release Notes</h1>
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<div id="nav"></div>
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<h2 id="introduction">Introduction to Go 1</h2>
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<p>
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Go version 1, Go 1 for short, defines a language and a set of core libraries
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that provide a stable foundation for creating reliable products, projects, and
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publications.
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</p>
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<p>
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The driving motivation for Go 1 is stability for its users. People should be able to
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write Go programs and expect that they will continue to compile and run without
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change, on a time scale of years, including in production environments such as
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Google App Engine. Similarly, people should be able to write books about Go, be
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able to say which version of Go the book is describing, and have that version
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number still be meaningful much later.
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</p>
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<p>
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Code that compiles in Go 1 should, with few exceptions, continue to compile and
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run throughout the lifetime of that version, even as we issue updates and bug
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fixes such as Go version 1.1, 1.2, and so on. Other than critical fixes, changes
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made to the language and library for subsequent releases of Go 1 may
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add functionality but will not break existing Go 1 programs.
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<a href="go1compat.html">The Go 1 compatibility document</a>
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explains the compatibility guidelines in more detail.
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</p>
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<p>
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Go 1 is a representation of Go as it used today, not a wholesale rethinking of
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the language. We avoided designing new features and instead focused on cleaning
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up problems and inconsistencies and improving portability. There are a number
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changes to the Go language and packages that we had considered for some time and
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prototyped but not released primarily because they are significant and
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backwards-incompatible. Go 1 was an opportunity to get them out, which is
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helpful for the long term, but also means that Go 1 introduces incompatibilities
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for old programs. Fortunately, the <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> tool can
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automate much of the work needed to bring programs up to the Go 1 standard.
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</p>
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<p>
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This document outlines the major changes in Go 1 that will affect programmers
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updating existing code; its reference point is the prior release, r60 (tagged as
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r60.3). It also explains how to update code from r60 to run under Go 1.
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</p>
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<h2 id="language">Changes to the language</h2>
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<h3 id="append">Append</h3>
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<p>
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The <code>append</code> predeclared variadic function makes it easy to grow a slice
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by adding elements to the end.
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A common use is to add bytes to the end of a byte slice when generating output.
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However, <code>append</code> did not provide a way to append a string to a <code>[]byte</code>,
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which is another common case.
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</p>
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<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/greeting := ..byte/` `/append.*hello/`}}
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--> greeting := []byte{}
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greeting = append(greeting, []byte("hello ")...)</pre>
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<p>
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By analogy with the similar property of <code>copy</code>, Go 1
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permits a string to be appended (byte-wise) directly to a byte
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slice, reducing the friction between strings and byte slices.
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The conversion is no longer necessary:
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</p>
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<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/append.*world/`}}
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--> greeting = append(greeting, "world"...)</pre>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>:
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This is a new feature, so existing code needs no changes.
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</p>
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<h3 id="close">Close</h3>
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<p>
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The <code>close</code> predeclared function provides a mechanism
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for a sender to signal that no more values will be sent.
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It is important to the implementation of <code>for</code> <code>range</code>
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loops over channels and is helpful in other situations.
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Partly by design and partly because of race conditions that can occur otherwise,
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it is intended for use only by the goroutine sending on the channel,
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not by the goroutine receiving data.
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However, before Go 1 there was no compile-time checking that <code>close</code>
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was being used correctly.
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</p>
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<p>
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To close this gap, at least in part, Go 1 disallows <code>close</code> on receive-only channels.
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Attempting to close such a channel is a compile-time error.
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</p>
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<pre>
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var c chan int
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var csend chan<- int = c
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var crecv <-chan int = c
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close(c) // legal
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close(csend) // legal
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close(crecv) // illegal
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</pre>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>:
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Existing code that attempts to close a receive-only channel was
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erroneous even before Go 1 and should be fixed. The compiler will
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now reject such code.
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</p>
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<h3 id="literals">Composite literals</h3>
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<p>
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In Go 1, a composite literal of array, slice, or map type can elide the
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type specification for the elements' initializers if they are of pointer type.
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All four of the initializations in this example are legal; the last one was illegal before Go 1.
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</p>
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<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/type Date struct/` `/STOP/`}}
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--> type Date struct {
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month string
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day int
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}
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<span class="comment">// Struct values, fully qualified; always legal.</span>
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holiday1 := []Date{
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Date{"Feb", 14},
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Date{"Nov", 11},
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Date{"Dec", 25},
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}
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<span class="comment">// Struct values, type name elided; always legal.</span>
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holiday2 := []Date{
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{"Feb", 14},
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{"Nov", 11},
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{"Dec", 25},
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}
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<span class="comment">// Pointers, fully qualified, always legal.</span>
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holiday3 := []*Date{
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&Date{"Feb", 14},
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&Date{"Nov", 11},
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&Date{"Dec", 25},
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}
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<span class="comment">// Pointers, type name elided; legal in Go 1.</span>
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holiday4 := []*Date{
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{"Feb", 14},
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{"Nov", 11},
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{"Dec", 25},
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}</pre>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>:
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This change has no effect on existing code, but the command
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<code>gofmt</code> <code>-s</code> applied to existing source
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will, among other things, elide explicit element types wherever permitted.
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</p>
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<h3 id="init">Goroutines during init</h3>
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<p>
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The old language defined that <code>go</code> statements executed during initialization created goroutines but that they did not begin to run until initialization of the entire program was complete.
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This introduced clumsiness in many places and, in effect, limited the utility
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of the <code>init</code> construct:
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if it was possible for another package to use the library during initialization, the library
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was forced to avoid goroutines.
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This design was done for reasons of simplicity and safety but,
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as our confidence in the language grew, it seemed unnecessary.
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Running goroutines during initialization is no more complex or unsafe than running them during normal execution.
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</p>
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<p>
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In Go 1, code that uses goroutines can be called from
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<code>init</code> routines and global initialization expressions
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without introducing a deadlock.
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</p>
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<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/PackageGlobal/` `/^}/`}}
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-->var PackageGlobal int
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func init() {
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c := make(chan int)
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go initializationFunction(c)
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PackageGlobal = <-c
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}</pre>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>:
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This is a new feature, so existing code needs no changes,
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although it's possible that code that depends on goroutines not starting before <code>main</code> will break.
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There was no such code in the standard repository.
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</p>
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<h3 id="rune">The rune type</h3>
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<p>
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The language spec allows the <code>int</code> type to be 32 or 64 bits wide, but current implementations set <code>int</code> to 32 bits even on 64-bit platforms.
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It would be preferable to have <code>int</code> be 64 bits on 64-bit platforms.
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(There are important consequences for indexing large slices.)
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However, this change would waste space when processing Unicode characters with
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the old language because the <code>int</code> type was also used to hold Unicode code points: each code point would waste an extra 32 bits of storage if <code>int</code> grew from 32 bits to 64.
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</p>
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<p>
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To make changing to 64-bit <code>int</code> feasible,
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Go 1 introduces a new basic type, <code>rune</code>, to represent
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individual Unicode code points.
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It is an alias for <code>int32</code>, analogous to <code>byte</code>
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as an alias for <code>uint8</code>.
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</p>
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<p>
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Character literals such as <code>'a'</code>, <code>'語'</code>, and <code>'\u0345'</code>
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now have default type <code>rune</code>,
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analogous to <code>1.0</code> having default type <code>float64</code>.
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A variable initialized to a character constant will therefore
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have type <code>rune</code> unless otherwise specified.
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</p>
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<p>
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Libraries have been updated to use <code>rune</code> rather than <code>int</code>
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when appropriate. For instance, the functions <code>unicode.ToLower</code> and
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relatives now take and return a <code>rune</code>.
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</p>
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<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/STARTRUNE/` `/ENDRUNE/`}}
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--> delta := 'δ' <span class="comment">// delta has type rune.</span>
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var DELTA rune
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DELTA = unicode.ToUpper(delta)
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epsilon := unicode.ToLower(DELTA + 1)
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if epsilon != 'δ'+1 {
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log.Fatal("inconsistent casing for Greek")
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}</pre>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>:
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Most source code will be unaffected by this because the type inference from
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<code>:=</code> initializers introduces the new type silently, and it propagates
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from there.
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Some code may get type errors that a trivial conversion will resolve.
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</p>
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<h3 id="error">The error type</h3>
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<p>
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Go 1 introduces a new built-in type, <code>error</code>, which has the following definition:
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</p>
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<pre>
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type error interface {
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Error() string
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}
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</pre>
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<p>
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Since the consequences of this type are all in the package library,
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it is discussed <a href="#errors">below</a>.
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</p>
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<h3 id="delete">Deleting from maps</h3>
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<p>
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In the old language, to delete the entry with key <code>k</code> from map <code>m</code>, one wrote the statement,
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</p>
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<pre>
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m[k] = value, false
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</pre>
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<p>
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This syntax was a peculiar special case, the only two-to-one assignment.
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It required passing a value (usually ignored) that is evaluated but discarded,
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plus a boolean that was nearly always the constant <code>false</code>.
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It did the job but was odd and a point of contention.
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</p>
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<p>
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In Go 1, that syntax has gone; instead there is a new built-in
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function, <code>delete</code>. The call
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</p>
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<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/delete\(m, k\)/`}}
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--> delete(m, k)</pre>
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<p>
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will delete the map entry retrieved by the expression <code>m[k]</code>.
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There is no return value. Deleting a non-existent entry is a no-op.
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</p>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>:
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Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will convert expressions of the form <code>m[k] = value,
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false</code> into <code>delete(m, k)</code> when it is clear that
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the ignored value can be safely discarded from the program and
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<code>false</code> refers to the predefined boolean constant.
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The fix tool
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will flag other uses of the syntax for inspection by the programmer.
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</p>
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<h3 id="iteration">Iterating in maps</h3>
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<p>
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The old language specification did not define the order of iteration for maps,
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and in practice it differed across hardware platforms.
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This caused tests that iterated over maps to be fragile and non-portable, with the
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unpleasant property that a test might always pass on one machine but break on another.
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</p>
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<p>
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In Go 1, the order in which elements are visited when iterating
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over a map using a <code>for</code> <code>range</code> statement
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is defined to be unpredictable, even if the same loop is run multiple
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times with the same map.
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Code should not assume that the elements are visited in any particular order.
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</p>
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<p>
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This change means that code that depends on iteration order is very likely to break early and be fixed long before it becomes a problem.
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Just as important, it allows the map implementation to ensure better map balancing even when programs are using range loops to select an element from a map.
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</p>
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<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/Sunday/` `/^ }/`}}
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--> m := map[string]int{"Sunday": 0, "Monday": 1}
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for name, value := range m {
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<span class="comment">// This loop should not assume Sunday will be visited first.</span>
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f(name, value)
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}</pre>
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<p>
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<em>Updating</em>:
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This is one change where tools cannot help. Most existing code
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will be unaffected, but some programs may break or misbehave; we
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recommend manual checking of all range statements over maps to
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verify they do not depend on iteration order. There were a few such
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examples in the standard repository; they have been fixed.
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Note that it was already incorrect to depend on the iteration order, which
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was unspecified. This change codifies the unpredictability.
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</p>
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<h3 id="multiple_assignment">Multiple assignment</h3>
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<p>
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The language specification has long guaranteed that in assignments
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the right-hand-side expressions are all evaluated before any left-hand-side expressions are assigned.
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To guarantee predictable behavior,
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Go 1 refines the specification further.
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</p>
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<p>
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If the left-hand side of the assignment
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statement contains expressions that require evaluation, such as
|
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function calls or array indexing operations, these will all be done
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using the usual left-to-right rule before any variables are assigned
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their value. Once everything is evaluated, the actual assignments
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proceed in left-to-right order.
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</p>
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<p>
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These examples illustrate the behavior.
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</p>
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<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/sa :=/` `/then sc.0. = 2/`}}
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--> sa := []int{1, 2, 3}
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i := 0
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i, sa[i] = 1, 2 <span class="comment">// sets i = 1, sa[0] = 2</span>
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sb := []int{1, 2, 3}
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j := 0
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sb[j], j = 2, 1 <span class="comment">// sets sb[0] = 2, j = 1</span>
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sc := []int{1, 2, 3}
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sc[0], sc[0] = 1, 2 <span class="comment">// sets sc[0] = 1, then sc[0] = 2 (so sc[0] = 2 at end)</span></pre>
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|
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<p>
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|
<em>Updating</em>:
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This is one change where tools cannot help, but breakage is unlikely.
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|
No code in the standard repository was broken by this change, and code
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|
that depended on the previous unspecified behavior was already incorrect.
|
|
</p>
|
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<h3 id="shadowing">Returns and shadowed variables</h3>
|
|
|
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<p>
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|
A common mistake is to use <code>return</code> (without arguments) after an assignment to a variable that has the same name as a result variable but is not the same variable.
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This situation is called <em>shadowing</em>: the result variable has been shadowed by another variable with the same name declared in an inner scope.
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</p>
|
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<p>
|
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In functions with named return values,
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the Go 1 compilers disallow return statements without arguments if any of the named return values is shadowed at the point of the return statement.
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(It isn't part of the specification, because this is one area we are still exploring;
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the situation is analogous to the compilers rejecting functions that do not end with an explicit return statement.)
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</p>
|
|
|
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<p>
|
|
This function implicitly returns a shadowed return value and will be rejected by the compiler:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
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<pre>
|
|
func Bug() (i, j, k int) {
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for i = 0; i < 5; i++ {
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for j := 0; j < 5; j++ { // Redeclares j.
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k += i*j
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|
if k > 100 {
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return // Rejected: j is shadowed here.
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}
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}
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}
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return // OK: j is not shadowed here.
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}
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</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Code that shadows return values in this way will be rejected by the compiler and will need to be fixed by hand.
|
|
The few cases that arose in the standard repository were mostly bugs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="unexported">Copying structs with unexported fields</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The old language did not allow a package to make a copy of a struct value containing unexported fields belonging to a different package.
|
|
There was, however, a required exception for a method receiver;
|
|
also, the implementations of <code>copy</code> and <code>append</code> have never honored the restriction.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Go 1 will allow packages to copy struct values containing unexported fields from other packages.
|
|
Besides resolving the inconsistency,
|
|
this change admits a new kind of API: a package can return an opaque value without resorting to a pointer or interface.
|
|
The new implementations of <code>time.Time</code> and
|
|
<code>reflect.Value</code> are examples of types taking advantage of this new property.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
As an example, if package <code>p</code> includes the definitions,
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
type Struct struct {
|
|
Public int
|
|
secret int
|
|
}
|
|
func NewStruct(a int) Struct { // Note: not a pointer.
|
|
return Struct{a, f(a)}
|
|
}
|
|
func (s Struct) String() string {
|
|
return fmt.Sprintf("{%d (secret %d)}", s.Public, s.secret)
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
a package that imports <code>p</code> can assign and copy values of type
|
|
<code>p.Struct</code> at will.
|
|
Behind the scenes the unexported fields will be assigned and copied just
|
|
as if they were exported,
|
|
but the client code will never be aware of them. The code
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
import "p"
|
|
|
|
myStruct := p.NewStruct(23)
|
|
copyOfMyStruct := myStruct
|
|
fmt.Println(myStruct, copyOfMyStruct)
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
will show that the secret field of the struct has been copied to the new value.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
This is a new feature, so existing code needs no changes.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="equality">Equality</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Before Go 1, the language did not define equality on struct and array values.
|
|
This meant,
|
|
among other things, that structs and arrays could not be used as map keys.
|
|
On the other hand, Go did define equality on function and map values.
|
|
Function equality was problematic in the presence of closures
|
|
(when are two closures equal?)
|
|
while map equality compared pointers, not the maps' content, which was usually
|
|
not what the user would want.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Go 1 addressed these issues.
|
|
First, structs and arrays can be compared for equality and inequality
|
|
(<code>==</code> and <code>!=</code>),
|
|
and therefore be used as map keys,
|
|
provided they are composed from elements for which equality is also defined,
|
|
using element-wise comparison.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/type Day struct/` `/Printf/`}}
|
|
--> type Day struct {
|
|
long string
|
|
short string
|
|
}
|
|
Christmas := Day{"Christmas", "XMas"}
|
|
Thanksgiving := Day{"Thanksgiving", "Turkey"}
|
|
holiday := map[Day]bool{
|
|
Christmas: true,
|
|
Thanksgiving: true,
|
|
}
|
|
fmt.Printf("Christmas is a holiday: %t\n", holiday[Christmas])</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Second, Go 1 removes the definition of equality for function values,
|
|
except for comparison with <code>nil</code>.
|
|
Finally, map equality is gone too, also except for comparison with <code>nil</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Note that equality is still undefined for slices, for which the
|
|
calculation is in general infeasible. Also note that the ordered
|
|
comparison operators (<code><</code> <code><=</code>
|
|
<code>></code> <code>>=</code>) are still undefined for
|
|
structs and arrays.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Struct and array equality is a new feature, so existing code needs no changes.
|
|
Existing code that depends on function or map equality will be
|
|
rejected by the compiler and will need to be fixed by hand.
|
|
Few programs will be affected, but the fix may require some
|
|
redesign.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="packages">The package hierarchy</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Go 1 addresses many deficiencies in the old standard library and
|
|
cleans up a number of packages, making them more internally consistent
|
|
and portable.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This section describes how the packages have been rearranged in Go 1.
|
|
Some have moved, some have been renamed, some have been deleted.
|
|
New packages are described in later sections.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="hierarchy">The package hierarchy</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Go 1 has a rearranged package hierarchy that groups related items
|
|
into subdirectories. For instance, <code>utf8</code> and
|
|
<code>utf16</code> now occupy subdirectories of <code>unicode</code>.
|
|
Also, <a href="#subrepo">some packages</a> have moved into
|
|
subrepositories of
|
|
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go"><code>code.google.com/p/go</code></a>
|
|
while <a href="#deleted">others</a> have been deleted outright.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="Moved packages">
|
|
<colgroup align="left" width="60%"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup align="left" width="40%"></colgroup>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th align="left">Old path</th>
|
|
<th align="left">New path</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>asn1</td> <td>encoding/asn1</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>csv</td> <td>encoding/csv</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>gob</td> <td>encoding/gob</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>json</td> <td>encoding/json</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>xml</td> <td>encoding/xml</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>exp/template/html</td> <td>html/template</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>big</td> <td>math/big</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>cmath</td> <td>math/cmplx</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>rand</td> <td>math/rand</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>http</td> <td>net/http</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>http/cgi</td> <td>net/http/cgi</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>http/fcgi</td> <td>net/http/fcgi</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>http/httptest</td> <td>net/http/httptest</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>http/pprof</td> <td>net/http/pprof</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>mail</td> <td>net/mail</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>rpc</td> <td>net/rpc</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>rpc/jsonrpc</td> <td>net/rpc/jsonrpc</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>smtp</td> <td>net/smtp</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>url</td> <td>net/url</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>exec</td> <td>os/exec</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>scanner</td> <td>text/scanner</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>tabwriter</td> <td>text/tabwriter</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>template</td> <td>text/template</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>template/parse</td> <td>text/template/parse</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>utf8</td> <td>unicode/utf8</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>utf16</td> <td>unicode/utf16</td></tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Note that the package names for the old <code>cmath</code> and
|
|
<code>exp/template/html</code> packages have changed to <code>cmplx</code>
|
|
and <code>template</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update all imports and package renames for packages that
|
|
remain inside the standard repository. Programs that import packages
|
|
that are no longer in the standard repository will need to be edited
|
|
by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="exp">The package tree exp</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Because they are not standardized, the packages under the <code>exp</code> directory will not be available in the
|
|
standard Go 1 release distributions, although they will be available in source code form
|
|
in <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/">the repository</a> for
|
|
developers who wish to use them.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Several packages have moved under <code>exp</code> at the time of Go 1's release:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><code>ebnf</code></li>
|
|
<li><code>html</code><sup>†</sup></li>
|
|
<li><code>go/types</code></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
(<sup>†</sup>The <code>EscapeString</code> and <code>UnescapeString</code> types remain
|
|
in package <code>html</code>.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
All these packages are available under the same names, with the prefix <code>exp/</code>: <code>exp/ebnf</code> etc.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Also, the <code>utf8.String</code> type has been moved to its own package, <code>exp/utf8string</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Finally, the <code>gotype</code> command now resides in <code>exp/gotype</code>, while
|
|
<code>ebnflint</code> is now in <code>exp/ebnflint</code>.
|
|
If they are installed, they now reside in <code>$GOROOT/bin/tool</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Code that uses packages in <code>exp</code> will need to be updated by hand,
|
|
or else compiled from an installation that has <code>exp</code> available.
|
|
The <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> tool or the compiler will complain about such uses.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="old">The package tree old</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Because they are deprecated, the packages under the <code>old</code> directory will not be available in the
|
|
standard Go 1 release distributions, although they will be available in source code form for
|
|
developers who wish to use them.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The packages in their new locations are:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><code>old/netchan</code></li>
|
|
<li><code>old/regexp</code></li>
|
|
<li><code>old/template</code></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Code that uses packages now in <code>old</code> will need to be updated by hand,
|
|
or else compiled from an installation that has <code>old</code> available.
|
|
The <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> tool will warn about such uses.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="deleted">Deleted packages</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Go 1 deletes several packages outright:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li><code>container/vector</code></li>
|
|
<li><code>exp/datafmt</code></li>
|
|
<li><code>go/typechecker</code></li>
|
|
<li><code>try</code></li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
and also the command <code>gotry</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Code that uses <code>container/vector</code> should be updated to use
|
|
slices directly. See
|
|
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go-wiki/wiki/SliceTricks">the Go
|
|
Language Community Wiki</a> for some suggestions.
|
|
Code that uses the other packages (there should be almost zero) will need to be rethought.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="subrepo">Packages moving to subrepositories</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Go 1 has moved a number of packages into other repositories, usually sub-repositories of
|
|
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/">the main Go repository</a>.
|
|
This table lists the old and new import paths:
|
|
|
|
<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="Sub-repositories">
|
|
<colgroup align="left" width="40%"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup align="left" width="60%"></colgroup>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th align="left">Old</th>
|
|
<th align="left">New</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/bcrypt</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/bcrypt</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/blowfish</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/blowfish</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/cast5</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/cast5</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/md4</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/md4</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/ocsp</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/ocsp</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/openpgp</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/openpgp/armor</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/armor</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/openpgp/elgamal</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/elgamal</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/openpgp/errors</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/errors</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/openpgp/packet</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/packet</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/openpgp/s2k</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/openpgp/s2k</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/ripemd160</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/ripemd160</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/twofish</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/twofish</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>crypto/xtea</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/xtea</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>exp/ssh</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.crypto/ssh</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image/bmp</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.image/bmp</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image/tiff</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.image/tiff</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>net/dict</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.net/dict</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>net/websocket</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.net/websocket</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>exp/spdy</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.net/spdy</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>encoding/git85</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.codereview/git85</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>patch</td> <td>code.google.com/p/go.codereview/patch</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>exp/wingui</td> <td>code.google.com/p/gowingui</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update imports of these packages to use the new import paths.
|
|
Installations that depend on these packages will need to install them using
|
|
a <code>go get</code> command.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="major">Major changes to the library</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This section describes significant changes to the core libraries, the ones that
|
|
affect the most programs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="errors">The error type and errors package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The placement of <code>os.Error</code> in package <code>os</code> is mostly historical: errors first came up when implementing package <code>os</code>, and they seemed system-related at the time.
|
|
Since then it has become clear that errors are more fundamental than the operating system. For example, it would be nice to use <code>Errors</code> in packages that <code>os</code> depends on, like <code>syscall</code>.
|
|
Also, having <code>Error</code> in <code>os</code> introduces many dependencies on <code>os</code> that would otherwise not exist.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Go 1 solves these problems by introducing a built-in <code>error</code> interface type and a separate <code>errors</code> package (analogous to <code>bytes</code> and <code>strings</code>) that contains utility functions.
|
|
It replaces <code>os.NewError</code> with
|
|
<a href="/pkg/errors/#New"><code>errors.New</code></a>,
|
|
giving errors a more central place in the environment.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
So the widely-used <code>String</code> method does not cause accidental satisfaction
|
|
of the <code>error</code> interface, the <code>error</code> interface uses instead
|
|
the name <code>Error</code> for that method:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
type error interface {
|
|
Error() string
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>fmt</code> library automatically invokes <code>Error</code>, as it already
|
|
does for <code>String</code>, for easy printing of error values.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/START ERROR EXAMPLE/` `/END ERROR EXAMPLE/`}}
|
|
-->type SyntaxError struct {
|
|
File string
|
|
Line int
|
|
Message string
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
func (se *SyntaxError) Error() string {
|
|
return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d: %s", se.File, se.Line, se.Message)
|
|
}</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
All standard packages have been updated to use the new interface; the old <code>os.Error</code> is gone.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
A new package, <a href="/pkg/errors/"><code>errors</code></a>, contains the function
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
func New(text string) error
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
to turn a string into an error. It replaces the old <code>os.NewError</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/ErrSyntax/`}}
|
|
--> var ErrSyntax = errors.New("syntax error")</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update almost all code affected by the change.
|
|
Code that defines error types with a <code>String</code> method will need to be updated
|
|
by hand to rename the methods to <code>Error</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="errno">System call errors</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The old <code>syscall</code> package, which predated <code>os.Error</code>
|
|
(and just about everything else),
|
|
returned errors as <code>int</code> values.
|
|
In turn, the <code>os</code> package forwarded many of these errors, such
|
|
as <code>EINVAL</code>, but using a different set of errors on each platform.
|
|
This behavior was unpleasant and unportable.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/syscall/"><code>syscall</code></a>
|
|
package instead returns an <code>error</code> for system call errors.
|
|
On Unix, the implementation is done by a
|
|
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Errno"><code>syscall.Errno</code></a> type
|
|
that satisfies <code>error</code> and replaces the old <code>os.Errno</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The changes affecting <code>os.EINVAL</code> and relatives are
|
|
described <a href="#os">elsewhere</a>.
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update almost all code affected by the change.
|
|
Regardless, most code should use the <code>os</code> package
|
|
rather than <code>syscall</code> and so will be unaffected.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="time">Time</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Time is always a challenge to support well in a programming language.
|
|
The old Go <code>time</code> package had <code>int64</code> units, no
|
|
real type safety,
|
|
and no distinction between absolute times and durations.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
One of the most sweeping changes in the Go 1 library is therefore a
|
|
complete redesign of the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/"><code>time</code></a> package.
|
|
Instead of an integer number of nanoseconds as an <code>int64</code>,
|
|
and a separate <code>*time.Time</code> type to deal with human
|
|
units such as hours and years,
|
|
there are now two fundamental types:
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#Time"><code>time.Time</code></a>
|
|
(a value, so the <code>*</code> is gone), which represents a moment in time;
|
|
and <a href="/pkg/time/#Duration"><code>time.Duration</code></a>,
|
|
which represents an interval.
|
|
Both have nanosecond resolution.
|
|
A <code>Time</code> can represent any time into the ancient
|
|
past and remote future, while a <code>Duration</code> can
|
|
span plus or minus only about 290 years.
|
|
There are methods on these types, plus a number of helpful
|
|
predefined constant durations such as <code>time.Second</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Among the new methods are things like
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Add"><code>Time.Add</code></a>,
|
|
which adds a <code>Duration</code> to a <code>Time</code>, and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Sub"><code>Time.Sub</code></a>,
|
|
which subtracts two <code>Times</code> to yield a <code>Duration</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The most important semantic change is that the Unix epoch (Jan 1, 1970) is now
|
|
relevant only for those functions and methods that mention Unix:
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#Unix"><code>time.Unix</code></a>
|
|
and the <a href="/pkg/time/#Time.Unix"><code>Unix</code></a>
|
|
and <a href="/pkg/time/#Time.UnixNano"><code>UnixNano</code></a> methods
|
|
of the <code>Time</code> type.
|
|
In particular,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/time/#Now"><code>time.Now</code></a>
|
|
returns a <code>time.Time</code> value rather than, in the old
|
|
API, an integer nanosecond count since the Unix epoch.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/sleepUntil/` `/^}/`}}
|
|
--><span class="comment">// sleepUntil sleeps until the specified time. It returns immediately if it's too late.</span>
|
|
func sleepUntil(wakeup time.Time) {
|
|
now := time.Now() <span class="comment">// A Time.</span>
|
|
if !wakeup.After(now) {
|
|
return
|
|
}
|
|
delta := wakeup.Sub(now) <span class="comment">// A Duration.</span>
|
|
fmt.Printf("Sleeping for %.3fs\n", delta.Seconds())
|
|
time.Sleep(delta)
|
|
}</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The new types, methods, and constants have been propagated through
|
|
all the standard packages that use time, such as <code>os</code> and
|
|
its representation of file time stamps.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
The <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> tool will update many uses of the old <code>time</code> package to use the new
|
|
types and methods, although it does not replace values such as <code>1e9</code>
|
|
representing nanoseconds per second.
|
|
Also, because of type changes in some of the values that arise,
|
|
some of the expressions rewritten by the fix tool may require
|
|
further hand editing; in such cases the rewrite will include
|
|
the correct function or method for the old functionality, but
|
|
may have the wrong type or require further analysis.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="minor">Minor changes to the library</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This section describes smaller changes, such as those to less commonly
|
|
used packages or that affect
|
|
few programs beyond the need to run <code>go</code> <code>fix</code>.
|
|
This category includes packages that are new in Go 1.
|
|
Collectively they improve portability, regularize behavior, and
|
|
make the interfaces more modern and Go-like.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="archive_zip">The archive/zip package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, <a href="/pkg/archive/zip/#Writer"><code>*zip.Writer</code></a> no
|
|
longer has a <code>Write</code> method. Its presence was a mistake.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
What little code is affected will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="bufio">The bufio package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, <a href="/pkg/bufio/#NewReaderSize"><code>bufio.NewReaderSize</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/bufio/#NewWriterSize"><code>bufio.NewWriterSize</code></a>
|
|
functions no longer return an error for invalid sizes.
|
|
If the argument size is too small or invalid, it is adjusted.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update calls that assign the error to _.
|
|
Calls that aren't fixed will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="compress">The compress/flate, compress/gzip and compress/zlib packages</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the <code>NewWriterXxx</code> functions in
|
|
<a href="/pkg/compress/flate"><code>compress/flate</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/compress/gzip"><code>compress/gzip</code></a> and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/compress/zlib"><code>compress/zlib</code></a>
|
|
all return <code>(*Writer, error)</code> if they take a compression level,
|
|
and <code>*Writer</code> otherwise. Package <code>gzip</code>'s
|
|
<code>Compressor</code> and <code>Decompressor</code> types have been renamed
|
|
to <code>Writer</code> and <code>Reader</code>. Package <code>flate</code>'s
|
|
<code>WrongValueError</code> type has been removed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update old names and calls that assign the error to _.
|
|
Calls that aren't fixed will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="crypto_aes_des">The crypto/aes and crypto/des packages</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the <code>Reset</code> method has been removed. Go does not guarantee
|
|
that memory is not copied and therefore this method was misleading.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The cipher-specific types <code>*aes.Cipher</code>, <code>*des.Cipher</code>,
|
|
and <code>*des.TripleDESCipher</code> have been removed in favor of
|
|
<code>cipher.Block</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Remove the calls to Reset. Replace uses of the specific cipher types with
|
|
cipher.Block.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="crypto_elliptic">The crypto/elliptic package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, <a href="/pkg/crypto/elliptic/#Curve"><code>elliptic.Curve</code></a>
|
|
has been made an interface to permit alternative implementations. The curve
|
|
parameters have been moved to the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/crypto/elliptic/#CurveParams"><code>elliptic.CurveParams</code></a>
|
|
structure.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Existing users of <code>*elliptic.Curve</code> will need to change to
|
|
simply <code>elliptic.Curve</code>. Calls to <code>Marshal</code>,
|
|
<code>Unmarshal</code> and <code>GenerateKey</code> are now functions
|
|
in <code>crypto/elliptic</code> that take an <code>elliptic.Curve</code>
|
|
as their first argument.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="crypto_hmac">The crypto/hmac package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the hash-specific functions, such as <code>hmac.NewMD5</code>, have
|
|
been removed from <code>crypto/hmac</code>. Instead, <code>hmac.New</code> takes
|
|
a function that returns a <code>hash.Hash</code>, such as <code>md5.New</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will perform the needed changes.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="crypto_x509">The crypto/x509 package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#CreateCertificate"><code>CreateCertificate</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/crypto/x509/#CreateCRL"><code>CreateCRL</code></a>
|
|
functions in <code>crypto/x509</code> have been altered to take an
|
|
<code>interface{}</code> where they previously took a <code>*rsa.PublicKey</code>
|
|
or <code>*rsa.PrivateKey</code>. This will allow other public key algorithms
|
|
to be implemented in the future.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
No changes will be needed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="encoding_binary">The encoding/binary package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the <code>binary.TotalSize</code> function has been replaced by
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/binary/#Size"><code>Size</code></a>,
|
|
which takes an <code>interface{}</code> argument rather than
|
|
a <code>reflect.Value</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
What little code is affected will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="encoding_xml">The encoding/xml package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/"><code>xml</code></a> package
|
|
has been brought closer in design to the other marshaling packages such
|
|
as <a href="/pkg/encoding/gob/"><code>encoding/gob</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The old <code>Parser</code> type is renamed
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a> and has a new
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder.Decode"><code>Decode</code></a> method. An
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a> type was also introduced.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The functions <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Marshal"><code>Marshal</code></a>
|
|
and <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Unmarshal"><code>Unmarshal</code></a>
|
|
work with <code>[]byte</code> values now. To work with streams,
|
|
use the new <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Encoder"><code>Encoder</code></a>
|
|
and <a href="/pkg/encoding/xml/#Decoder"><code>Decoder</code></a> types.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
When marshaling or unmarshaling values, the format of supported flags in
|
|
field tags has changed to be closer to the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/encoding/json"><code>json</code></a> package
|
|
(<code>`xml:"name,flag"`</code>). The matching done between field tags, field
|
|
names, and the XML attribute and element names is now case-sensitive.
|
|
The <code>XMLName</code> field tag, if present, must also match the name
|
|
of the XML element being marshaled.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update most uses of the package except for some calls to
|
|
<code>Unmarshal</code>. Special care must be taken with field tags,
|
|
since the fix tool will not update them and if not fixed by hand they will
|
|
misbehave silently in some cases. For example, the old
|
|
<code>"attr"</code> is now written <code>",attr"</code> while plain
|
|
<code>"attr"</code> remains valid but with a different meaning.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="expvar">The expvar package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the <code>RemoveAll</code> function has been removed.
|
|
The <code>Iter</code> function and Iter method on <code>*Map</code> have
|
|
been replaced by
|
|
<a href="/pkg/expvar/#Do"><code>Do</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/expvar/#Map.Do"><code>(*Map).Do</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Most code using <code>expvar</code> will not need changing. The rare code that used
|
|
<code>Iter</code> can be updated to pass a closure to <code>Do</code> to achieve the same effect.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="flag">The flag package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the interface <a href="/pkg/flag/#Value"><code>flag.Value</code></a> has changed slightly.
|
|
The <code>Set</code> method now returns an <code>error</code> instead of
|
|
a <code>bool</code> to indicate success or failure.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
There is also a new kind of flag, <code>Duration</code>, to support argument
|
|
values specifying time intervals.
|
|
Values for such flags must be given units, just as <code>time.Duration</code>
|
|
formats them: <code>10s</code>, <code>1h30m</code>, etc.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/timeout/`}}
|
|
-->var timeout = flag.Duration("timeout", 30*time.Second, "how long to wait for completion")</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Programs that implement their own flags will need minor manual fixes to update their
|
|
<code>Set</code> methods.
|
|
The <code>Duration</code> flag is new and affects no existing code.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="go">The go/* packages</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Several packages under <code>go</code> have slightly revised APIs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
A concrete <code>Mode</code> type was introduced for configuration mode flags
|
|
in the packages
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/scanner/"><code>go/scanner</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/parser/"><code>go/parser</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/printer/"><code>go/printer</code></a>, and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/doc/"><code>go/doc</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The modes <code>AllowIllegalChars</code> and <code>InsertSemis</code> have been removed
|
|
from the <a href="/pkg/go/scanner/"><code>go/scanner</code></a> package. They were mostly
|
|
useful for scanning text other then Go source files. Instead, the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/text/scanner/"><code>text/scanner</code></a> package should be used
|
|
for that purpose.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/go/scanner/#ErrorHandler"><code>ErrorHandler</code></a> provided
|
|
to the scanner's <a href="/pkg/go/scanner/#Scanner.Init"><code>Init</code></a> method is
|
|
now simply a function rather than an interface. The <code>ErrorVector</code> type has
|
|
been removed in favor of the (existing) <a href="/pkg/go/scanner/#ErrorList"><code>ErrorList</code></a>
|
|
type, and the <code>ErrorVector</code> methods have been migrated. Instead of embedding
|
|
an <code>ErrorVector</code> in a client of the scanner, now a client should maintain
|
|
an <code>ErrorList</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The set of parse functions provided by the <a href="/pkg/go/parser/"><code>go/parser</code></a>
|
|
package has been reduced to the primary parse function
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/parser/#ParseFile"><code>ParseFile</code></a>, and a couple of
|
|
convenience functions <a href="/pkg/go/parser/#ParseDir"><code>ParseDir</code></a>
|
|
and <a href="/pkg/go/parser/#ParseExpr"><code>ParseExpr</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/go/printer/"><code>go/printer</code></a> package supports an additional
|
|
configuration mode <a href="/pkg/go/printer/#Mode"><code>SourcePos</code></a>;
|
|
if set, the printer will emit <code>//line</code> comments such that the generated
|
|
output contains the original source code position information. The new type
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/printer/#CommentedNode"><code>CommentedNode</code></a> can be
|
|
used to provide comments associated with an arbitrary
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#Node"><code>ast.Node</code></a> (until now only
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#File"><code>ast.File</code></a> carried comment information).
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The type names of the <a href="/pkg/go/doc/"><code>go/doc</code></a> package have been
|
|
streamlined by removing the <code>Doc</code> suffix: <code>PackageDoc</code>
|
|
is now <code>Package</code>, <code>ValueDoc</code> is <code>Value</code>, etc.
|
|
Also, all types now consistently have a <code>Name</code> field (or <code>Names</code>,
|
|
in the case of type <code>Value</code>) and <code>Type.Factories</code> has become
|
|
<code>Type.Funcs</code>.
|
|
Instead of calling <code>doc.NewPackageDoc(pkg, importpath)</code>,
|
|
documentation for a package is created with:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
doc.New(pkg, importpath, mode)
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
where the new <code>mode</code> parameter specifies the operation mode:
|
|
if set to <a href="/pkg/go/doc/#AllDecls"><code>AllDecls</code></a>, all declarations
|
|
(not just exported ones) are considered.
|
|
The function <code>NewFileDoc</code> was removed, and the function
|
|
<code>CommentText</code> has become the method
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#Text"><code>Text</code></a> of
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/ast/#CommentGroup"><code>ast.CommentGroup</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In package <a href="/pkg/go/token/"><code>go/token</code></a>, the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/token/#FileSet"><code>token.FileSet</code></a> method <code>Files</code>
|
|
(which originally returned a channel of <code>*token.File</code>s) has been replaced
|
|
with the iterator <a href="/pkg/go/token/#FileSet.Iterate"><code>Iterate</code></a> that
|
|
accepts a function argument instead.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In package <a href="/pkg/go/build/"><code>go/build</code></a>, the API
|
|
has been nearly completely replaced.
|
|
The package still computes Go package information
|
|
but it does not run the build: the <code>Cmd</code> and <code>Script</code>
|
|
types are gone.
|
|
(To build code, use the new
|
|
<a href="/cmd/go/"><code>go</code></a> command instead.)
|
|
The <code>DirInfo</code> type is now named
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/build/#Package"><code>Package</code></a>.
|
|
<code>FindTree</code> and <code>ScanDir</code> are replaced by
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/build/#Import"><code>Import</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/go/build/#ImportDir"><code>ImportDir</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Code that uses packages in <code>go</code> will have to be updated by hand; the
|
|
compiler will reject incorrect uses. Templates used in conjunction with any of the
|
|
<code>go/doc</code> types may need manual fixes; the renamed fields will lead
|
|
to run-time errors.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="hash">The hash package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the definition of <a href="/pkg/hash/#Hash"><code>hash.Hash</code></a> includes
|
|
a new method, <code>BlockSize</code>. This new method is used primarily in the
|
|
cryptographic libraries.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>Sum</code> method of the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/hash/#Hash"><code>hash.Hash</code></a> interface now takes a
|
|
<code>[]byte</code> argument, to which the hash value will be appended.
|
|
The previous behavior can be recreated by adding a <code>nil</code> argument to the call.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Existing implementations of <code>hash.Hash</code> will need to add a
|
|
<code>BlockSize</code> method. Hashes that process the input one byte at
|
|
a time can implement <code>BlockSize</code> to return 1.
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update calls to the <code>Sum</code> methods of the various
|
|
implementations of <code>hash.Hash</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Since the package's functionality is new, no updating is necessary.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="http">The http package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1 the <a href="/pkg/net/http/"><code>http</code></a> package is refactored,
|
|
putting some of the utilities into a
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/http/httputil/"><code>httputil</code></a> subdirectory.
|
|
These pieces are only rarely needed by HTTP clients.
|
|
The affected items are:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul>
|
|
<li>ClientConn</li>
|
|
<li>DumpRequest</li>
|
|
<li>DumpRequestOut</li>
|
|
<li>DumpResponse</li>
|
|
<li>NewChunkedReader</li>
|
|
<li>NewChunkedWriter</li>
|
|
<li>NewClientConn</li>
|
|
<li>NewProxyClientConn</li>
|
|
<li>NewServerConn</li>
|
|
<li>NewSingleHostReverseProxy</li>
|
|
<li>ReverseProxy</li>
|
|
<li>ServerConn</li>
|
|
</ul>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>Request.RawURL</code> field has been removed; it was a
|
|
historical artifact.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>Handle</code> and <code>HandleFunc</code>
|
|
functions, and the similarly-named methods of <code>ServeMux</code>,
|
|
now panic if an attempt is made to register the same pattern twice.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update the few programs that are affected except for
|
|
uses of <code>RawURL</code>, which must be fixed by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="image">The image package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/image/"><code>image</code></a> package has had a number of
|
|
minor changes, rearrangements and renamings.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Most of the color handling code has been moved into its own package,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/image/color/"><code>image/color</code></a>.
|
|
For the elements that moved, a symmetry arises; for instance,
|
|
each pixel of an
|
|
<a href="/pkg/image/#RGBA"><code>image.RGBA</code></a>
|
|
is a
|
|
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#RGBA"><code>color.RGBA</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The old <code>image/ycbcr</code> package has been folded, with some
|
|
renamings, into the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/image/"><code>image</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/image/color/"><code>image/color</code></a>
|
|
packages.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The old <code>image.ColorImage</code> type is still in the <code>image</code>
|
|
package but has been renamed
|
|
<a href="/pkg/image/#Uniform"><code>image.Uniform</code></a>,
|
|
while <code>image.Tiled</code> has been removed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This table lists the renamings.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="image renames">
|
|
<colgroup align="left" width="50%"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup align="left" width="50%"></colgroup>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th align="left">Old</th>
|
|
<th align="left">New</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.Color</td> <td>color.Color</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.ColorModel</td> <td>color.Model</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.ColorModelFunc</td> <td>color.ModelFunc</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.PalettedColorModel</td> <td>color.Palette</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.RGBAColor</td> <td>color.RGBA</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.RGBA64Color</td> <td>color.RGBA64</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.NRGBAColor</td> <td>color.NRGBA</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.NRGBA64Color</td> <td>color.NRGBA64</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.AlphaColor</td> <td>color.Alpha</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.Alpha16Color</td> <td>color.Alpha16</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.GrayColor</td> <td>color.Gray</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.Gray16Color</td> <td>color.Gray16</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.RGBAColorModel</td> <td>color.RGBAModel</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.RGBA64ColorModel</td> <td>color.RGBA64Model</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.NRGBAColorModel</td> <td>color.NRGBAModel</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.NRGBA64ColorModel</td> <td>color.NRGBA64Model</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.AlphaColorModel</td> <td>color.AlphaModel</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.Alpha16ColorModel</td> <td>color.Alpha16Model</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.GrayColorModel</td> <td>color.GrayModel</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.Gray16ColorModel</td> <td>color.Gray16Model</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>ycbcr.RGBToYCbCr</td> <td>color.RGBToYCbCr</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>ycbcr.YCbCrToRGB</td> <td>color.YCbCrToRGB</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>ycbcr.YCbCrColorModel</td> <td>color.YCbCrModel</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>ycbcr.YCbCrColor</td> <td>color.YCbCr</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>ycbcr.YCbCr</td> <td>image.YCbCr</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>ycbcr.SubsampleRatio444</td> <td>image.YCbCrSubsampleRatio444</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>ycbcr.SubsampleRatio422</td> <td>image.YCbCrSubsampleRatio422</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>ycbcr.SubsampleRatio420</td> <td>image.YCbCrSubsampleRatio420</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>image.ColorImage</td> <td>image.Uniform</td></tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The image package's <code>New</code> functions
|
|
(<a href="/pkg/image/#NewRGBA"><code>NewRGBA</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/image/#NewRGBA64"><code>NewRGBA64</code></a>, etc.)
|
|
take an <a href="/pkg/image/#Rectangle"><code>image.Rectangle</code></a> as an argument
|
|
instead of four integers.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Finally, there are new predefined <code>color.Color</code> variables
|
|
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#Black"><code>color.Black</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#White"><code>color.White</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#Opaque"><code>color.Opaque</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/image/color/#Transparent"><code>color.Transparent</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update almost all code affected by the change.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="log_syslog">The log/syslog package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the <a href="/pkg/log/syslog/#NewLogger"><code>syslog.NewLogger</code></a>
|
|
function returns an error as well as a <code>log.Logger</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
What little code is affected will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="mime">The mime package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the <a href="/pkg/mime/#FormatMediaType"><code>FormatMediaType</code></a> function
|
|
of the <code>mime</code> package has been simplified to make it
|
|
consistent with
|
|
<a href="/pkg/mime/#ParseMediaType"><code>ParseMediaType</code></a>.
|
|
It now takes <code>"text/html"</code> rather than <code>"text"</code> and <code>"html"</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
What little code is affected will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="net">The net package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the various <code>SetTimeout</code>,
|
|
<code>SetReadTimeout</code>, and <code>SetWriteTimeout</code> methods
|
|
have been replaced with
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.SetDeadline"><code>SetDeadline</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.SetReadDeadline"><code>SetReadDeadline</code></a>, and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#IPConn.SetWriteDeadline"><code>SetWriteDeadline</code></a>,
|
|
respectively. Rather than taking a timeout value in nanoseconds that
|
|
apply to any activity on the connection, the new methods set an
|
|
absolute deadline (as a <code>time.Time</code> value) after which
|
|
reads and writes will time out and no longer block.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
There are also new functions
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#DialTimeout"><code>net.DialTimeout</code></a>
|
|
to simplify timing out dialing a network address and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/net/#ListenMulticastUDP"><code>net.ListenMulticastUDP</code></a>
|
|
to allow multicast UDP to listen concurrently across multiple listeners.
|
|
The <code>net.ListenMulticastUDP</code> function replaces the old
|
|
<code>JoinGroup</code> and <code>LeaveGroup</code> methods.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Code that uses the old methods will fail to compile and must be updated by hand.
|
|
The semantic change makes it difficult for the fix tool to update automatically.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="os">The os package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>Time</code> function has been removed; callers should use
|
|
the <a href="/pkg/time/#Time"><code>Time</code></a> type from the
|
|
<code>time</code> package.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>Exec</code> function has been removed; callers should use
|
|
<code>Exec</code> from the <code>syscall</code> package, where available.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>ShellExpand</code> function has been renamed to <a
|
|
href="/pkg/os/#ExpandEnv"><code>ExpandEnv</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/os/#NewFile"><code>NewFile</code></a> function
|
|
now takes a <code>uintptr</code> fd, instead of an <code>int</code>.
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/os/#File.Fd"><code>Fd</code></a> method on files now
|
|
also returns a <code>uintptr</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
There are no longer error constants such as <code>EINVAL</code>
|
|
in the <code>os</code> package, since the set of values varied with
|
|
the underlying operating system. There are new portable functions like
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/#IsPermission"><code>IsPermission</code></a>
|
|
to test common error properties, plus a few new error values
|
|
with more Go-like names, such as
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/#ErrPermission"><code>ErrPermission</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/#ErrNoEnv"><code>ErrNoEnv</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>Getenverror</code> function has been removed. To distinguish
|
|
between a non-existent environment variable and an empty string,
|
|
use <a href="/pkg/os/#Environ"><code>os.Environ</code></a> or
|
|
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Getenv"><code>syscall.Getenv</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/os/#Process.Wait"><code>Process.Wait</code></a> method has
|
|
dropped its option argument and the associated constants are gone
|
|
from the package.
|
|
Also, the function <code>Wait</code> is gone; only the method of
|
|
the <code>Process</code> type persists.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>Waitmsg</code> type returned by
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/#Process.Wait"><code>Process.Wait</code></a>
|
|
has been replaced with a more portable
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/#ProcessState"><code>ProcessState</code></a>
|
|
type with accessor methods to recover information about the
|
|
process.
|
|
Because of changes to <code>Wait</code>, the <code>ProcessState</code>
|
|
value always describes an exited process.
|
|
Portability concerns simplified the interface in other ways, but the values returned by the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/#ProcessState.Sys"><code>ProcessState.Sys</code></a> and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/#ProcessState.SysUsage"><code>ProcessState.SysUsage</code></a>
|
|
methods can be type-asserted to underlying system-specific data structures such as
|
|
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#WaitStatus"><code>syscall.WaitStatus</code></a> and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/syscall/#Rusage"><code>syscall.Rusage</code></a> on Unix.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will drop a zero argument to <code>Process.Wait</code>.
|
|
All other changes will be caught by the compiler and must be updated by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h4 id="os_fileinfo">The os.FileInfo type</h4>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Go 1 redefines the <a href="/pkg/os/#FileInfo"><code>os.FileInfo</code></a> type,
|
|
changing it from a struct to an interface:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
type FileInfo interface {
|
|
Name() string // base name of the file
|
|
Size() int64 // length in bytes
|
|
Mode() FileMode // file mode bits
|
|
ModTime() time.Time // modification time
|
|
IsDir() bool // abbreviation for Mode().IsDir()
|
|
Sys() interface{} // underlying data source (can return nil)
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The file mode information has been moved into a subtype called
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/#FileMode"><code>os.FileMode</code></a>,
|
|
a simple integer type with <code>IsDir</code>, <code>Perm</code>, and <code>String</code>
|
|
methods.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The system-specific details of file modes and properties such as (on Unix)
|
|
i-number have been removed from <code>FileInfo</code> altogether.
|
|
Instead, each operating system's <code>os</code> package provides an
|
|
implementation of the <code>FileInfo</code> interface, which
|
|
has a <code>Sys</code> method that returns the
|
|
system-specific representation of file metadata.
|
|
For instance, to discover the i-number of a file on a Unix system, unpack
|
|
the <code>FileInfo</code> like this:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
fi, err := os.Stat("hello.go")
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|
log.Fatal(err)
|
|
}
|
|
// Check that it's a Unix file.
|
|
unixStat, ok := fi.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t)
|
|
if !ok {
|
|
log.Fatal("hello.go: not a Unix file")
|
|
}
|
|
fmt.Printf("file i-number: %d\n", unixStat.Ino)
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Assuming (which is unwise) that <code>"hello.go"</code> is a Unix file,
|
|
the i-number expression could be contracted to
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
fi.Sys().(*syscall.Stat_t).Ino
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The vast majority of uses of <code>FileInfo</code> need only the methods
|
|
of the standard interface.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>os</code> package no longer contains wrappers for the POSIX errors
|
|
such as <code>ENOENT</code>.
|
|
For the few programs that need to verify particular error conditions, there are
|
|
now the boolean functions
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/#IsExist"><code>IsExist</code></a>,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/#IsNotExist"><code>IsNotExist</code></a>
|
|
and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/os/#IsPermission"><code>IsPermission</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/os\.Open/` `/}/`}}
|
|
--> f, err := os.OpenFile(name, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_EXCL, 0600)
|
|
if os.IsExist(err) {
|
|
log.Printf("%s already exists", name)
|
|
}</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update code that uses the old equivalent of the current <code>os.FileInfo</code>
|
|
and <code>os.FileMode</code> API.
|
|
Code that needs system-specific file details will need to be updated by hand.
|
|
Code that uses the old POSIX error values from the <code>os</code> package
|
|
will fail to compile and will also need to be updated by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="os_signal">The os/signal package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>os/signal</code> package in Go 1 replaces the
|
|
<code>Incoming</code> function, which returned a channel
|
|
that received all incoming signals,
|
|
with the selective <code>Notify</code> function, which asks
|
|
for delivery of specific signals on an existing channel.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Code must be updated by hand.
|
|
A literal translation of
|
|
</p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
c := signal.Incoming()
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p>
|
|
is
|
|
</p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
c := make(chan os.Signal)
|
|
signal.Notify(c) // ask for all signals
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p>
|
|
but most code should list the specific signals it wants to handle instead:
|
|
</p>
|
|
<pre>
|
|
c := make(chan os.Signal)
|
|
signal.Notify(c, syscall.SIGHUP, syscall.SIGQUIT)
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="path_filepath">The path/filepath package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#Walk"><code>Walk</code></a> function of the
|
|
<code>path/filepath</code> package
|
|
has been changed to take a function value of type
|
|
<a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#WalkFunc"><code>WalkFunc</code></a>
|
|
instead of a <code>Visitor</code> interface value.
|
|
<code>WalkFunc</code> unifies the handling of both files and directories.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
type WalkFunc func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>WalkFunc</code> function will be called even for files or directories that could not be opened;
|
|
in such cases the error argument will describe the failure.
|
|
If a directory's contents are to be skipped,
|
|
the function should return the value <a href="/pkg/path/filepath/#variables"><code>filepath.SkipDir</code></a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/STARTWALK/` `/ENDWALK/`}}
|
|
--> markFn := func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
|
|
if path == "pictures" { <span class="comment">// Will skip walking of directory pictures and its contents.</span>
|
|
return filepath.SkipDir
|
|
}
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|
return err
|
|
}
|
|
log.Println(path)
|
|
return nil
|
|
}
|
|
err := filepath.Walk(".", markFn)
|
|
if err != nil {
|
|
log.Fatal(err)
|
|
}</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
The change simplifies most code but has subtle consequences, so affected programs
|
|
will need to be updated by hand.
|
|
The compiler will catch code using the old interface.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="regexp">The regexp package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/regexp/"><code>regexp</code></a> package has been rewritten.
|
|
It has the same interface but the specification of the regular expressions
|
|
it supports has changed from the old "egrep" form to that of
|
|
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/re2/">RE2</a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Code that uses the package should have its regular expressions checked by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="runtime">The runtime package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, much of the API exported by package
|
|
<code>runtime</code> has been removed in favor of
|
|
functionality provided by other packages.
|
|
Code using the <code>runtime.Type</code> interface
|
|
or its specific concrete type implementations should
|
|
now use package <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a>.
|
|
Code using <code>runtime.Semacquire</code> or <code>runtime.Semrelease</code>
|
|
should use channels or the abstractions in package <a href="/pkg/sync/"><code>sync</code></a>.
|
|
The <code>runtime.Alloc</code>, <code>runtime.Free</code>,
|
|
and <code>runtime.Lookup</code> functions, an unsafe API created for
|
|
debugging the memory allocator, have no replacement.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Before, <code>runtime.MemStats</code> was a global variable holding
|
|
statistics about memory allocation, and calls to <code>runtime.UpdateMemStats</code>
|
|
ensured that it was up to date.
|
|
In Go 1, <code>runtime.MemStats</code> is a struct type, and code should use
|
|
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#ReadMemStats"><code>runtime.ReadMemStats</code></a>
|
|
to obtain the current statistics.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The package adds a new function,
|
|
<a href="/pkg/runtime/#NumCPU"><code>runtime.NumCPU</code></a>, that returns the number of CPUs available
|
|
for parallel execution, as reported by the operating system kernel.
|
|
Its value can inform the setting of <code>GOMAXPROCS</code>.
|
|
The <code>runtime.Cgocalls</code> and <code>runtime.Goroutines</code> functions
|
|
have been renamed to <code>runtime.NumCgoCall</code> and <code>runtime.NumGoroutine</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update code for the function renamings.
|
|
Other code will need to be updated by hand.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="strconv">The strconv package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/strconv/"><code>strconv</code></a>
|
|
package has been significantly reworked to make it more Go-like and less C-like,
|
|
although <code>Atoi</code> lives on (it's similar to
|
|
<code>int(ParseInt(x, 10, 0))</code>, as does
|
|
<code>Itoa(x)</code> (<code>FormatInt(int64(x), 10)</code>).
|
|
There are also new variants of some of the functions that append to byte slices rather than
|
|
return strings, to allow control over allocation.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
This table summarizes the renamings; see the
|
|
<a href="/pkg/strconv/">package documentation</a>
|
|
for full details.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<table class="codetable" frame="border" summary="strconv renames">
|
|
<colgroup align="left" width="50%"></colgroup>
|
|
<colgroup align="left" width="50%"></colgroup>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th align="left">Old call</th>
|
|
<th align="left">New call</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Atob(x)</td> <td>ParseBool(x)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Atof32(x)</td> <td>ParseFloat(x, 32)§</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Atof64(x)</td> <td>ParseFloat(x, 64)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>AtofN(x, n)</td> <td>ParseFloat(x, n)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Atoi(x)</td> <td>Atoi(x)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Atoi(x)</td> <td>ParseInt(x, 10, 0)§</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Atoi64(x)</td> <td>ParseInt(x, 10, 64)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Atoui(x)</td> <td>ParseUint(x, 10, 0)§</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Atoui64(x)</td> <td>ParseUint(x, 10, 64)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Btoi64(x, b)</td> <td>ParseInt(x, b, 64)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Btoui64(x, b)</td> <td>ParseUint(x, b, 64)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Btoa(x)</td> <td>FormatBool(x)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Ftoa32(x, f, p)</td> <td>FormatFloat(float64(x), f, p, 32)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Ftoa64(x, f, p)</td> <td>FormatFloat(x, f, p, 64)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>FtoaN(x, f, p, n)</td> <td>FormatFloat(x, f, p, n)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Itoa(x)</td> <td>Itoa(x)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Itoa(x)</td> <td>FormatInt(int64(x), 10)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Itoa64(x)</td> <td>FormatInt(x, 10)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Itob(x, b)</td> <td>FormatInt(int64(x), b)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Itob64(x, b)</td> <td>FormatInt(x, b)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Uitoa(x)</td> <td>FormatUint(uint64(x), 10)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Uitoa64(x)</td> <td>FormatUint(x, 10)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Uitob(x, b)</td> <td>FormatUint(uint64(x), b)</td></tr>
|
|
<tr><td>Uitob64(x, b)</td> <td>FormatUint(x, b)</td></tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Running <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> will update almost all code affected by the change.
|
|
<br>
|
|
§ <code>Atoi</code> persists but <code>Atoui</code> and <code>Atof32</code> do not, so
|
|
they may require
|
|
a cast that must be added by hand; the <code>go</code> <code>fix</code> tool will warn about it.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="templates">The template packages</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>template</code> and <code>exp/template/html</code> packages have moved to
|
|
<a href="/pkg/text/template/"><code>text/template</code></a> and
|
|
<a href="/pkg/html/template/"><code>html/template</code></a>.
|
|
More significant, the interface to these packages has been simplified.
|
|
The template language is the same, but the concept of "template set" is gone
|
|
and the functions and methods of the packages have changed accordingly,
|
|
often by elimination.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Instead of sets, a <code>Template</code> object
|
|
may contain multiple named template definitions,
|
|
in effect constructing
|
|
name spaces for template invocation.
|
|
A template can invoke any other template associated with it, but only those
|
|
templates associated with it.
|
|
The simplest way to associate templates is to parse them together, something
|
|
made easier with the new structure of the packages.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
The imports will be updated by fix tool.
|
|
Single-template uses will be otherwise be largely unaffected.
|
|
Code that uses multiple templates in concert will need to be updated by hand.
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/text/template/#examples">examples</a> in
|
|
the documentation for <code>text/template</code> can provide guidance.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="testing">The testing package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The testing package has a type, <code>B</code>, passed as an argument to benchmark functions.
|
|
In Go 1, <code>B</code> has new methods, analogous to those of <code>T</code>, enabling
|
|
logging and failure reporting.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre><!--{{code "/doc/progs/go1.go" `/func.*Benchmark/` `/^}/`}}
|
|
-->func BenchmarkSprintf(b *testing.B) {
|
|
<span class="comment">// Verify correctness before running benchmark.</span>
|
|
b.StopTimer()
|
|
got := fmt.Sprintf("%x", 23)
|
|
const expect = "17"
|
|
if expect != got {
|
|
b.Fatalf("expected %q; got %q", expect, got)
|
|
}
|
|
b.StartTimer()
|
|
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
|
|
fmt.Sprintf("%x", 23)
|
|
}
|
|
}</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Existing code is unaffected, although benchmarks that use <code>println</code>
|
|
or <code>panic</code> should be updated to use the new methods.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="testing_script">The testing/script package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The testing/script package has been deleted. It was a dreg.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
No code is likely to be affected.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="unsafe">The unsafe package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the functions
|
|
<code>unsafe.Typeof</code>, <code>unsafe.Reflect</code>,
|
|
<code>unsafe.Unreflect</code>, <code>unsafe.New</code>, and
|
|
<code>unsafe.NewArray</code> have been removed;
|
|
they duplicated safer functionality provided by
|
|
package <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Code using these functions must be rewritten to use
|
|
package <a href="/pkg/reflect/"><code>reflect</code></a>.
|
|
The changes to <a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/source/detail?r=2646dc956207">encoding/gob</a> and the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/goprotobuf/source/detail?r=5340ad310031">protocol buffer library</a>
|
|
may be helpful as examples.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="url">The url package</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1 several fields from the <a href="/pkg/net/url/#URL"><code>url.URL</code></a> type
|
|
were removed or replaced.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <a href="/pkg/net/url/#URL.String"><code>String</code></a> method now
|
|
predictably rebuilds an encoded URL string using all of <code>URL</code>'s
|
|
fields as necessary. The resulting string will also no longer have
|
|
passwords escaped.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>Raw</code> field has been removed. In most cases the <code>String</code>
|
|
method may be used in its place.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The old <code>RawUserinfo</code> field is replaced by the <code>User</code>
|
|
field, of type <a href="/pkg/net/url/#Userinfo"><code>*net.Userinfo</code></a>.
|
|
Values of this type may be created using the new <a href="/pkg/net/url/#User"><code>net.User</code></a>
|
|
and <a href="/pkg/net/url/#UserPassword"><code>net.UserPassword</code></a>
|
|
functions. The <code>EscapeUserinfo</code> and <code>UnescapeUserinfo</code>
|
|
functions are also gone.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>RawAuthority</code> field has been removed. The same information is
|
|
available in the <code>Host</code> and <code>User</code> fields.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>RawPath</code> field and the <code>EncodedPath</code> method have
|
|
been removed. The path information in rooted URLs (with a slash following the
|
|
schema) is now available only in decoded form in the <code>Path</code> field.
|
|
Occasionally, the encoded data may be required to obtain information that
|
|
was lost in the decoding process. These cases must be handled by accessing
|
|
the data the URL was built from.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
URLs with non-rooted paths, such as <code>"mailto:dev@golang.org?subject=Hi"</code>,
|
|
are also handled differently. The <code>OpaquePath</code> boolean field has been
|
|
removed and a new <code>Opaque</code> string field introduced to hold the encoded
|
|
path for such URLs. In Go 1, the cited URL parses as:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre>
|
|
URL{
|
|
Scheme: "mailto",
|
|
Opaque: "dev@golang.org",
|
|
RawQuery: "subject=Hi",
|
|
}
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
A new <a href="/pkg/net/url/#URL.RequestURI"><code>RequestURI</code></a> method was
|
|
added to <code>URL</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
The <code>ParseWithReference</code> function has been renamed to <code>ParseWithFragment</code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Code that uses the old fields will fail to compile and must be updated by hand.
|
|
The semantic changes make it difficult for the fix tool to update automatically.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="cmd_go">The go command</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
Go 1 introduces the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command</a>, a tool for fetching,
|
|
building, and installing Go packages and commands. The <code>go</code> command
|
|
does away with makefiles, instead using Go source code to find dependencies and
|
|
determine build conditions. Most existing Go programs will no longer require
|
|
makefiles to be built.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
See <a href="/doc/code.html">How to Write Go Code</a> for a primer on the
|
|
<code>go</code> command and the <a href="/cmd/go/">go command documentation</a>
|
|
for the full details.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
<em>Updating</em>:
|
|
Projects that depend on the Go project's old makefile-based build
|
|
infrastructure (<code>Make.pkg</code>, <code>Make.cmd</code>, and so on) should
|
|
switch to using the <code>go</code> command for building Go code and, if
|
|
necessary, rewrite their makefiles to perform any auxiliary build tasks.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="cmd_cgo">The cgo command</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
In Go 1, the <a href="/cmd/cgo">cgo command</a>
|
|
uses a different <code>_cgo_export.h</code>
|
|
file, which is generated for packages containing <code>//export</code> lines.
|
|
The <code>_cgo_export.h</code> file now begins with the C preamble comment,
|
|
so that exported function definitions can use types defined there.
|
|
This has the effect of compiling the preamble multiple times, so a
|
|
package using <code>//export</code> must not put function definitions
|
|
or variable initializations in the C preamble.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="releases">Packaged releases</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
One of the most significant changes associated with Go 1 is the availability
|
|
of prepackaged, downloadable distributions.
|
|
They are available for many combinations of architecture and operating system
|
|
(including Windows) and the list will grow.
|
|
Installation details are described on the
|
|
<a href="/doc/install">Getting Started</a> page, while
|
|
the distributions themselves are listed on the
|
|
<a href="http://code.google.com/p/go/downloads/list">downloads page</a>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<div id="footer">
|
|
Build version go1.0.1.<br>
|
|
A link <a href="http://code.google.com/policies.html#restrictions">noted</a>,
|
|
and then, coming up on the very next line, we will
|
|
find yet another link, link 3.0 if you will,
|
|
after a few more words <a href="/LINK">link text</a>.<br>
|
|
<a href="/doc/tos.html">Terms of Service</a> |
|
|
<a href="http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacy/privacy-policy.html">Privacy Policy</a>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
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