internal/ethapi: handle blobs in API methods (#28786)

EIP-4844 adds a new transaction type for blobs. Users can submit such transactions via `eth_sendRawTransaction`. In this PR we refrain from adding support to `eth_sendTransaction` and in fact it will fail if the user passes in a blob hash.

However since the chain can handle such transactions it makes sense to allow simulating them. E.g. an L2 operator should be able to simulate submitting a rollup blob and updating the L2 state. Most methods that take in a transaction object should recognize blobs. The change boils down to adding `blobVersionedHashes` and `maxFeePerBlobGas` to `TransactionArgs`. In summary:

- `eth_sendTransaction`: will fail for blob txes
- `eth_signTransaction`: will fail for blob txes

The methods that sign txes does not, as of this PR, add support the for new EIP-4844 transaction types. Resuming the summary:

- `eth_sendRawTransaction`: can send blob txes
- `eth_fillTransaction`: will fill in a blob tx. Note: here we simply fill in normal transaction fields + possibly `maxFeePerBlobGas` when blobs are present. One can imagine a more elaborate set-up where users can submit blobs themselves and we fill in proofs and commitments and such. Left for future PRs if desired.
- `eth_call`: can simulate blob messages
- `eth_estimateGas`: blobs have no effect here. They have a separate unit of gas which is not tunable in the transaction.

core/error.go

@@ -104,4 +104,10 @@ var (
 	// ErrBlobFeeCapTooLow is returned if the transaction fee cap is less than the
 	// blob gas fee of the block.
 	ErrBlobFeeCapTooLow = errors.New("max fee per blob gas less than block blob gas fee")
+
+	// ErrMissingBlobHashes is returned if a blob transaction has no blob hashes.
+	ErrMissingBlobHashes = errors.New("blob transaction missing blob hashes")
+
+	// ErrBlobTxCreate is returned if a blob transaction has no explicit to field.
+	ErrBlobTxCreate = errors.New("blob transaction of type create")
 )

core/state_transition.go

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package core
 
 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"math/big"
@@ -315,8 +314,14 @@ func (st *StateTransition) preCheck() error {
 	}
 	// Check the blob version validity
 	if msg.BlobHashes != nil {
+		// The to field of a blob tx type is mandatory, and a `BlobTx` transaction internally
+		// has it as a non-nillable value, so any msg derived from blob transaction has it non-nil.
+		// However, messages created through RPC (eth_call) don't have this restriction.
+		if msg.To == nil {
+			return ErrBlobTxCreate
+		}
 		if len(msg.BlobHashes) == 0 {
-			return errors.New("blob transaction missing blob hashes")
+			return ErrMissingBlobHashes
 		}
 		for i, hash := range msg.BlobHashes {
 			if hash[0] != params.BlobTxHashVersion {