params: core, core/vm, miner: 64bit gas instructions

Reworked the EVM gas instructions to use 64bit integers rather than
arbitrary size big ints. All gas operations, be it additions,
multiplications or divisions, are checked and guarded against 64 bit
integer overflows.

In additon, most of the protocol paramaters in the params package have
been converted to uint64 and are now constants rather than variables.

* common/math: added overflow check ops
* core: vmenv, env renamed to evm
* eth, internal/ethapi, les: unmetered eth_call and cancel methods
* core/vm: implemented big.Int pool for evm instructions
* core/vm: unexported intPool methods & verification methods
* core/vm: added memoryGasCost overflow check and test

cmd/evm/main.go

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func run(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		ret, _, err = runtime.Create(input, &runtime.Config{
 			Origin:   sender.Address(),
 			State:    statedb,
-			GasLimit: common.Big(ctx.GlobalString(GasFlag.Name)),
+			GasLimit: common.Big(ctx.GlobalString(GasFlag.Name)).Uint64(),
 			GasPrice: common.Big(ctx.GlobalString(PriceFlag.Name)),
 			Value:    common.Big(ctx.GlobalString(ValueFlag.Name)),
 			EVMConfig: vm.Config{
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ func run(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 		ret, err = runtime.Call(receiver.Address(), common.Hex2Bytes(ctx.GlobalString(InputFlag.Name)), &runtime.Config{
 			Origin:   sender.Address(),
 			State:    statedb,
-			GasLimit: common.Big(ctx.GlobalString(GasFlag.Name)),
+			GasLimit: common.Big(ctx.GlobalString(GasFlag.Name)).Uint64(),
 			GasPrice: common.Big(ctx.GlobalString(PriceFlag.Name)),
 			Value:    common.Big(ctx.GlobalString(ValueFlag.Name)),
 			EVMConfig: vm.Config{

cmd/geth/main.go

@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ func makeFullNode(ctx *cli.Context) *node.Node {
 	if err != nil {
 		glog.V(logger.Warn).Infoln("error setting canonical miner information:", err)
 	}
-	if uint64(len(extra)) > params.MaximumExtraDataSize.Uint64() {
+	if uint64(len(extra)) > params.MaximumExtraDataSize {
 		glog.V(logger.Warn).Infoln("error setting canonical miner information: extra exceeds", params.MaximumExtraDataSize)
 		glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("extra: %x\n", extra)
 		extra = nil

common/math/integer.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package math
+
+import gmath "math"
+
+/*
+ * NOTE: The following methods need to be optimised using either bit checking or asm
+ */
+
+// SafeSub returns subtraction result and whether overflow occurred.
+func SafeSub(x, y uint64) (uint64, bool) {
+	return x - y, x < y
+}
+
+// SafeAdd returns the result and whether overflow occurred.
+func SafeAdd(x, y uint64) (uint64, bool) {
+	return x + y, y > gmath.MaxUint64-x
+}
+
+// SafeMul returns multiplication result and whether overflow occurred.
+func SafeMul(x, y uint64) (uint64, bool) {
+	if x == 0 {
+		return 0, false
+	}
+	return x * y, x != 0 && y != 0 && y > gmath.MaxUint64/x
+}

common/math/integer_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package math
+
+import (
+	gmath "math"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type operation byte
+
+const (
+	sub operation = iota
+	add
+	mul
+)
+
+func TestOverflow(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, test := range []struct {
+		x        uint64
+		y        uint64
+		overflow bool
+		op       operation
+	}{
+		// add operations
+		{gmath.MaxUint64, 1, true, add},
+		{gmath.MaxUint64 - 1, 1, false, add},
+
+		// sub operations
+		{0, 1, true, sub},
+		{0, 0, false, sub},
+
+		// mul operations
+		{10, 10, false, mul},
+		{gmath.MaxUint64, 2, true, mul},
+		{gmath.MaxUint64, 1, false, mul},
+	} {
+		var overflows bool
+		switch test.op {
+		case sub:
+			_, overflows = SafeSub(test.x, test.y)
+		case add:
+			_, overflows = SafeAdd(test.x, test.y)
+		case mul:
+			_, overflows = SafeMul(test.x, test.y)
+		}
+
+		if test.overflow != overflows {
+			t.Errorf("%d failed. Expected test to be %v, got %v", i, test.overflow, overflows)
+		}
+	}
+}

core/bench_test.go

@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ func genValueTx(nbytes int) func(int, *BlockGen) {
 var (
 	ringKeys  = make([]*ecdsa.PrivateKey, 1000)
 	ringAddrs = make([]common.Address, len(ringKeys))
+	bigTxGas  = new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.TxGas)
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -111,8 +112,8 @@ func genTxRing(naccounts int) func(int, *BlockGen) {
 	return func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		gas := CalcGasLimit(gen.PrevBlock(i - 1))
 		for {
-			gas.Sub(gas, params.TxGas)
+			gas.Sub(gas, bigTxGas)
-			if gas.Cmp(params.TxGas) < 0 {
+			if gas.Cmp(bigTxGas) < 0 {
 				break
 			}
 			to := (from + 1) % naccounts
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ func genTxRing(naccounts int) func(int, *BlockGen) {
 				gen.TxNonce(ringAddrs[from]),
 				ringAddrs[to],
 				benchRootFunds,
-				params.TxGas,
+				bigTxGas,
 				nil,
 				nil,
 			)

core/block_validator.go

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ func (v *BlockValidator) ValidateHeader(header, parent *types.Header, checkPow b
 //
 // See YP section 4.3.4. "Block Header Validity"
 func ValidateHeader(config *params.ChainConfig, pow pow.PoW, header *types.Header, parent *types.Header, checkPow, uncle bool) error {
-	if big.NewInt(int64(len(header.Extra))).Cmp(params.MaximumExtraDataSize) == 1 {
+	if uint64(len(header.Extra)) > params.MaximumExtraDataSize {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Header extra data too long (%d)", len(header.Extra))
 	}
 

core/blockchain_test.go

@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ func TestFastVsFullChains(t *testing.T) {
 		// If the block number is multiple of 3, send a few bonus transactions to the miner
 		if i%3 == 2 {
 			for j := 0; j < i%4+1; j++ {
-				tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{0x00}, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key)
+				tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(address), common.Address{0x00}, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key)
 				if err != nil {
 					panic(err)
 				}
@@ -884,8 +884,8 @@ func TestChainTxReorgs(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create two transactions shared between the chains:
 	//  - postponed: transaction included at a later block in the forked chain
 	//  - swapped: transaction included at the same block number in the forked chain
-	postponed, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, addr1, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
+	postponed, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(0, addr1, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
-	swapped, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(1, addr1, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
+	swapped, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(1, addr1, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
 
 	// Create two transactions that will be dropped by the forked chain:
 	//  - pastDrop: transaction dropped retroactively from a past block
@@ -901,13 +901,13 @@ func TestChainTxReorgs(t *testing.T) {
 	chain, _ := GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, genesis, db, 3, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		switch i {
 		case 0:
-			pastDrop, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
+			pastDrop, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
 
 			gen.AddTx(pastDrop)  // This transaction will be dropped in the fork from below the split point
 			gen.AddTx(postponed) // This transaction will be postponed till block #3 in the fork
 
 		case 2:
-			freshDrop, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
+			freshDrop, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
 
 			gen.AddTx(freshDrop) // This transaction will be dropped in the fork from exactly at the split point
 			gen.AddTx(swapped)   // This transaction will be swapped out at the exact height
@@ -926,18 +926,18 @@ func TestChainTxReorgs(t *testing.T) {
 	chain, _ = GenerateChain(params.TestChainConfig, genesis, db, 5, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		switch i {
 		case 0:
-			pastAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
+			pastAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
 			gen.AddTx(pastAdd) // This transaction needs to be injected during reorg
 
 		case 2:
 			gen.AddTx(postponed) // This transaction was postponed from block #1 in the original chain
 			gen.AddTx(swapped)   // This transaction was swapped from the exact current spot in the original chain
 
-			freshAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
+			freshAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
 			gen.AddTx(freshAdd) // This transaction will be added exactly at reorg time
 
 		case 3:
-			futureAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
+			futureAdd, _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr3), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key3)
 			gen.AddTx(futureAdd) // This transaction will be added after a full reorg
 		}
 	})

core/chain_makers_test.go

@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ func ExampleGenerateChain() {
 		switch i {
 		case 0:
 			// In block 1, addr1 sends addr2 some ether.
-			tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr1), addr2, big.NewInt(10000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
+			tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr1), addr2, big.NewInt(10000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
 			gen.AddTx(tx)
 		case 1:
 			// In block 2, addr1 sends some more ether to addr2.
 			// addr2 passes it on to addr3.
-			tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr1), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
+			tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr1), addr2, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key1)
-			tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
+			tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(gen.TxNonce(addr2), addr3, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, key2)
 			gen.AddTx(tx1)
 			gen.AddTx(tx2)
 		case 2:

core/state_transition.go

@@ -51,13 +51,14 @@ The state transitioning model does all all the necessary work to work out a vali
 type StateTransition struct {
 	gp         *GasPool
 	msg        Message
-	gas, gasPrice *big.Int
+	gas        uint64
+	gasPrice   *big.Int
 	initialGas *big.Int
 	value      *big.Int
 	data       []byte
 	state      vm.StateDB
 
-	env *vm.EVM
+	evm *vm.EVM
 }
 
 // Message represents a message sent to a contract.
@@ -81,12 +82,14 @@ func MessageCreatesContract(msg Message) bool {
 
 // IntrinsicGas computes the 'intrinsic gas' for a message
 // with the given data.
+//
+// TODO convert to uint64
 func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, contractCreation, homestead bool) *big.Int {
 	igas := new(big.Int)
 	if contractCreation && homestead {
-		igas.Set(params.TxGasContractCreation)
+		igas.SetUint64(params.TxGasContractCreation)
 	} else {
-		igas.Set(params.TxGas)
+		igas.SetUint64(params.TxGas)
 	}
 	if len(data) > 0 {
 		var nz int64
@@ -96,27 +99,26 @@ func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, contractCreation, homestead bool) *big.Int {
 			}
 		}
 		m := big.NewInt(nz)
-		m.Mul(m, params.TxDataNonZeroGas)
+		m.Mul(m, new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.TxDataNonZeroGas))
 		igas.Add(igas, m)
 		m.SetInt64(int64(len(data)) - nz)
-		m.Mul(m, params.TxDataZeroGas)
+		m.Mul(m, new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.TxDataZeroGas))
 		igas.Add(igas, m)
 	}
 	return igas
 }
 
 // NewStateTransition initialises and returns a new state transition object.
-func NewStateTransition(env *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) *StateTransition {
+func NewStateTransition(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) *StateTransition {
 	return &StateTransition{
 		gp:         gp,
-		env:        env,
+		evm:        evm,
 		msg:        msg,
-		gas:        new(big.Int),
 		gasPrice:   msg.GasPrice(),
 		initialGas: new(big.Int),
 		value:      msg.Value(),
 		data:       msg.Data(),
-		state:      env.StateDB,
+		state:      evm.StateDB,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -127,8 +129,8 @@ func NewStateTransition(env *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) *StateTransition
 // the gas used (which includes gas refunds) and an error if it failed. An error always
 // indicates a core error meaning that the message would always fail for that particular
 // state and would never be accepted within a block.
-func ApplyMessage(env *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) ([]byte, *big.Int, error) {
+func ApplyMessage(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) ([]byte, *big.Int, error) {
-	st := NewStateTransition(env, msg, gp)
+	st := NewStateTransition(evm, msg, gp)
 
 	ret, _, gasUsed, err := st.TransitionDb()
 	return ret, gasUsed, err
@@ -157,21 +159,21 @@ func (self *StateTransition) to() vm.Account {
 	return self.state.GetAccount(*to)
 }
 
-func (self *StateTransition) useGas(amount *big.Int) error {
+func (self *StateTransition) useGas(amount uint64) error {
-	if self.gas.Cmp(amount) < 0 {
+	if self.gas < amount {
 		return vm.ErrOutOfGas
 	}
-	self.gas.Sub(self.gas, amount)
+	self.gas -= amount
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (self *StateTransition) addGas(amount *big.Int) {
-	self.gas.Add(self.gas, amount)
-}
-
 func (self *StateTransition) buyGas() error {
 	mgas := self.msg.Gas()
+	if mgas.BitLen() > 64 {
+		return vm.ErrOutOfGas
+	}
+
 	mgval := new(big.Int).Mul(mgas, self.gasPrice)
 
 	sender := self.from()
@@ -181,7 +183,8 @@ func (self *StateTransition) buyGas() error {
 	if err := self.gp.SubGas(mgas); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	self.addGas(mgas)
+	self.gas += mgas.Uint64()
+
 	self.initialGas.Set(mgas)
 	sender.SubBalance(mgval)
 	return nil
@@ -209,7 +212,9 @@ func (self *StateTransition) preCheck() (err error) {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// TransitionDb will move the state by applying the message against the given environment.
+// TransitionDb will transition the state by applying the current message and returning the result
+// including the required gas for the operation as well as the used gas. It returns an error if it
+// failed. An error indicates a consensus issue.
 func (self *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (ret []byte, requiredGas, usedGas *big.Int, err error) {
 	if err = self.preCheck(); err != nil {
 		return
@@ -217,26 +222,32 @@ func (self *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (ret []byte, requiredGas, usedGas *b
 	msg := self.msg
 	sender := self.from() // err checked in preCheck
 
-	homestead := self.env.ChainConfig().IsHomestead(self.env.BlockNumber)
+	homestead := self.evm.ChainConfig().IsHomestead(self.evm.BlockNumber)
 	contractCreation := MessageCreatesContract(msg)
 	// Pay intrinsic gas
-	if err = self.useGas(IntrinsicGas(self.data, contractCreation, homestead)); err != nil {
+	// TODO convert to uint64
+	intrinsicGas := IntrinsicGas(self.data, contractCreation, homestead)
+	if intrinsicGas.BitLen() > 64 {
+		return nil, nil, nil, InvalidTxError(vm.ErrOutOfGas)
+	}
+
+	if err = self.useGas(intrinsicGas.Uint64()); err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil, InvalidTxError(err)
 	}
 
 	var (
-		vmenv = self.env
+		evm = self.evm
 		// vm errors do not effect consensus and are therefor
 		// not assigned to err, except for insufficient balance
 		// error.
 		vmerr error
 	)
 	if contractCreation {
-		ret, _, vmerr = vmenv.Create(sender, self.data, self.gas, self.value)
+		ret, _, self.gas, vmerr = evm.Create(sender, self.data, self.gas, self.value)
 	} else {
 		// Increment the nonce for the next transaction
 		self.state.SetNonce(sender.Address(), self.state.GetNonce(sender.Address())+1)
-		ret, vmerr = vmenv.Call(sender, self.to().Address(), self.data, self.gas, self.value)
+		ret, self.gas, vmerr = evm.Call(sender, self.to().Address(), self.data, self.gas, self.value)
 	}
 	if vmerr != nil {
 		glog.V(logger.Core).Infoln("vm returned with error:", err)
@@ -251,7 +262,7 @@ func (self *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (ret []byte, requiredGas, usedGas *b
 	requiredGas = new(big.Int).Set(self.gasUsed())
 
 	self.refundGas()
-	self.state.AddBalance(self.env.Coinbase, new(big.Int).Mul(self.gasUsed(), self.gasPrice))
+	self.state.AddBalance(self.evm.Coinbase, new(big.Int).Mul(self.gasUsed(), self.gasPrice))
 
 	return ret, requiredGas, self.gasUsed(), err
 }
@@ -260,20 +271,21 @@ func (self *StateTransition) refundGas() {
 	// Return eth for remaining gas to the sender account,
 	// exchanged at the original rate.
 	sender := self.from() // err already checked
-	remaining := new(big.Int).Mul(self.gas, self.gasPrice)
+	remaining := new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(self.gas), self.gasPrice)
 	sender.AddBalance(remaining)
 
 	// Apply refund counter, capped to half of the used gas.
 	uhalf := remaining.Div(self.gasUsed(), common.Big2)
 	refund := common.BigMin(uhalf, self.state.GetRefund())
-	self.gas.Add(self.gas, refund)
+	self.gas += refund.Uint64()
+
 	self.state.AddBalance(sender.Address(), refund.Mul(refund, self.gasPrice))
 
 	// Also return remaining gas to the block gas counter so it is
 	// available for the next transaction.
-	self.gp.AddGas(self.gas)
+	self.gp.AddGas(new(big.Int).SetUint64(self.gas))
 }
 
 func (self *StateTransition) gasUsed() *big.Int {
-	return new(big.Int).Sub(self.initialGas, self.gas)
+	return new(big.Int).Sub(self.initialGas, new(big.Int).SetUint64(self.gas))
 }

core/vm/common.go

@@ -21,28 +21,11 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-)
-
-// Type is the VM type accepted by **NewVm**
-type Type byte
-
-const (
-	StdVmTy Type = iota // Default standard VM
-	JitVmTy             // LLVM JIT VM
-	MaxVmTy
 )
 
 var (
-	Pow256 = common.BigPow(2, 256) // Pow256 is 2**256
-
 	U256 = common.U256 // Shortcut to common.U256
 	S256 = common.S256 // Shortcut to common.S256
-
-	Zero = common.Big0 // Shortcut to common.Big0
-	One  = common.Big1 // Shortcut to common.Big1
-
-	max = big.NewInt(math.MaxInt64) // Maximum 64 bit integer
 )
 
 // calculates the memory size required for a step
@@ -54,48 +37,6 @@ func calcMemSize(off, l *big.Int) *big.Int {
 	return new(big.Int).Add(off, l)
 }
 
-// calculates the quadratic gas
-func quadMemGas(mem *Memory, newMemSize, gas *big.Int) {
-	if newMemSize.Cmp(common.Big0) > 0 {
-		newMemSizeWords := toWordSize(newMemSize)
-		newMemSize.Mul(newMemSizeWords, u256(32))
-
-		if newMemSize.Cmp(u256(int64(mem.Len()))) > 0 {
-			// be careful reusing variables here when changing.
-			// The order has been optimised to reduce allocation
-			oldSize := toWordSize(big.NewInt(int64(mem.Len())))
-			pow := new(big.Int).Exp(oldSize, common.Big2, Zero)
-			linCoef := oldSize.Mul(oldSize, params.MemoryGas)
-			quadCoef := new(big.Int).Div(pow, params.QuadCoeffDiv)
-			oldTotalFee := new(big.Int).Add(linCoef, quadCoef)
-
-			pow.Exp(newMemSizeWords, common.Big2, Zero)
-			linCoef = linCoef.Mul(newMemSizeWords, params.MemoryGas)
-			quadCoef = quadCoef.Div(pow, params.QuadCoeffDiv)
-			newTotalFee := linCoef.Add(linCoef, quadCoef)
-
-			fee := newTotalFee.Sub(newTotalFee, oldTotalFee)
-			gas.Add(gas, fee)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// Simple helper
-func u256(n int64) *big.Int {
-	return big.NewInt(n)
-}
-
-// Mainly used for print variables and passing to Print*
-func toValue(val *big.Int) interface{} {
-	// Let's assume a string on right padded zero's
-	b := val.Bytes()
-	if b[0] != 0 && b[len(b)-1] == 0x0 && b[len(b)-2] == 0x0 {
-		return string(b)
-	}
-
-	return val
-}
-
 // getData returns a slice from the data based on the start and size and pads
 // up to size with zero's. This function is overflow safe.
 func getData(data []byte, start, size *big.Int) []byte {
@@ -106,14 +47,17 @@ func getData(data []byte, start, size *big.Int) []byte {
 	return common.RightPadBytes(data[s.Uint64():e.Uint64()], int(size.Uint64()))
 }
 
-// useGas attempts to subtract the amount of gas and returns whether it was
+// bigUint64 returns the integer casted to a uint64 and returns whether it
-// successful
+// overflowed in the process.
-func useGas(gas, amount *big.Int) bool {
+func bigUint64(v *big.Int) (uint64, bool) {
-	if gas.Cmp(amount) < 0 {
+	return v.Uint64(), v.BitLen() > 64
-		return false
 }
 
-	// Sub the amount of gas from the remaining
+// toWordSize returns the ceiled word size required for memory expansion.
-	gas.Sub(gas, amount)
+func toWordSize(size uint64) uint64 {
-	return true
+	if size > math.MaxUint64-31 {
+		return math.MaxUint64/32 + 1
+	}
+
+	return (size + 31) / 32
 }

core/vm/contract.go

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 
 // ContractRef is a reference to the contract's backing object
 type ContractRef interface {
-	ReturnGas(*big.Int)
 	Address() common.Address
 	Value() *big.Int
 	SetCode(common.Hash, []byte)
@@ -48,7 +47,8 @@ type Contract struct {
 	CodeAddr *common.Address
 	Input    []byte
 
-	value, Gas, UsedGas *big.Int
+	Gas   uint64
+	value *big.Int
 
 	Args []byte
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ type Contract struct {
 }
 
 // NewContract returns a new contract environment for the execution of EVM.
-func NewContract(caller ContractRef, object ContractRef, value, gas *big.Int) *Contract {
+func NewContract(caller ContractRef, object ContractRef, value *big.Int, gas uint64) *Contract {
 	c := &Contract{CallerAddress: caller.Address(), caller: caller, self: object, Args: nil}
 
 	if parent, ok := caller.(*Contract); ok {
@@ -68,9 +68,8 @@ func NewContract(caller ContractRef, object ContractRef, value, gas *big.Int) *C
 
 	// Gas should be a pointer so it can safely be reduced through the run
 	// This pointer will be off the state transition
-	c.Gas = gas //new(big.Int).Set(gas)
+	c.Gas = gas
 	c.value = new(big.Int).Set(value)
-	c.UsedGas = new(big.Int)
 
 	return c
 }
@@ -107,27 +106,13 @@ func (c *Contract) Caller() common.Address {
 	return c.CallerAddress
 }
 
-// Finalise finalises the contract and returning any remaining gas to the original
-// caller.
-func (c *Contract) Finalise() {
-	// Return the remaining gas to the caller
-	c.caller.ReturnGas(c.Gas)
-}
-
 // UseGas attempts the use gas and subtracts it and returns true on success
-func (c *Contract) UseGas(gas *big.Int) (ok bool) {
+func (c *Contract) UseGas(gas uint64) (ok bool) {
-	ok = useGas(c.Gas, gas)
+	if c.Gas < gas {
-	if ok {
+		return false
-		c.UsedGas.Add(c.UsedGas, gas)
 	}
-	return
+	c.Gas -= gas
-}
+	return true
-
-// ReturnGas adds the given gas back to itself.
-func (c *Contract) ReturnGas(gas *big.Int) {
-	// Return the gas to the context
-	c.Gas.Add(c.Gas, gas)
-	c.UsedGas.Sub(c.UsedGas, gas)
 }
 
 // Address returns the contracts address

core/vm/contracts.go

@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 package vm
 
 import (
-	"math/big"
-
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ import (
 // requires a deterministic gas count based on the input size of the Run method of the
 // contract.
 type PrecompiledContract interface {
-	RequiredGas(inputSize int) *big.Int // RequiredPrice calculates the contract gas use
+	RequiredGas(inputSize int) uint64 // RequiredPrice calculates the contract gas use
 	Run(input []byte) []byte          // Run runs the precompiled contract
 }
 
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ func RunPrecompiledContract(p PrecompiledContract, input []byte, contract *Contr
 // ECRECOVER implemented as a native contract
 type ecrecover struct{}
 
-func (c *ecrecover) RequiredGas(inputSize int) *big.Int {
+func (c *ecrecover) RequiredGas(inputSize int) uint64 {
 	return params.EcrecoverGas
 }
 
@@ -92,10 +90,12 @@ func (c *ecrecover) Run(in []byte) []byte {
 // SHA256 implemented as a native contract
 type sha256 struct{}
 
-func (c *sha256) RequiredGas(inputSize int) *big.Int {
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
-	n := big.NewInt(int64(inputSize+31) / 32)
+//
-	n.Mul(n, params.Sha256WordGas)
+// This method does not require any overflow checking as the input size gas costs
-	return n.Add(n, params.Sha256Gas)
+// required for anything significant is so high it's impossible to pay for.
+func (c *sha256) RequiredGas(inputSize int) uint64 {
+	return uint64(inputSize+31)/32*params.Sha256WordGas + params.Sha256Gas
 }
 func (c *sha256) Run(in []byte) []byte {
 	return crypto.Sha256(in)
@@ -104,10 +104,12 @@ func (c *sha256) Run(in []byte) []byte {
 // RIPMED160 implemented as a native contract
 type ripemd160 struct{}
 
-func (c *ripemd160) RequiredGas(inputSize int) *big.Int {
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
-	n := big.NewInt(int64(inputSize+31) / 32)
+//
-	n.Mul(n, params.Ripemd160WordGas)
+// This method does not require any overflow checking as the input size gas costs
-	return n.Add(n, params.Ripemd160Gas)
+// required for anything significant is so high it's impossible to pay for.
+func (c *ripemd160) RequiredGas(inputSize int) uint64 {
+	return uint64(inputSize+31)/32*params.Ripemd160WordGas + params.Ripemd160Gas
 }
 func (c *ripemd160) Run(in []byte) []byte {
 	return common.LeftPadBytes(crypto.Ripemd160(in), 32)
@@ -116,11 +118,12 @@ func (c *ripemd160) Run(in []byte) []byte {
 // data copy implemented as a native contract
 type dataCopy struct{}
 
-func (c *dataCopy) RequiredGas(inputSize int) *big.Int {
+// RequiredGas returns the gas required to execute the pre-compiled contract.
-	n := big.NewInt(int64(inputSize+31) / 32)
+//
-	n.Mul(n, params.IdentityWordGas)
+// This method does not require any overflow checking as the input size gas costs
-
+// required for anything significant is so high it's impossible to pay for.
-	return n.Add(n, params.IdentityGas)
+func (c *dataCopy) RequiredGas(inputSize int) uint64 {
+	return uint64(inputSize+31)/32*params.IdentityWordGas + params.IdentityGas
 }
 func (c *dataCopy) Run(in []byte) []byte {
 	return in

core/vm/evm.go

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 package vm
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
@@ -102,24 +101,18 @@ func (evm *EVM) Cancel() {
 // Call executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input as parameters. It also handles any
 // necessary value transfer required and takes the necessary steps to create accounts and reverses the state in
 // case of an execution error or failed value transfer.
-func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, err error) {
+func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
 	if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 {
-		caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+		return nil, gas, nil
-
-		return nil, nil
 	}
 
 	// Depth check execution. Fail if we're trying to execute above the
 	// limit.
-	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth.Int64()) {
+	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
-		caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+		return nil, gas, ErrDepth
-
-		return nil, ErrDepth
 	}
 	if !evm.Context.CanTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), value) {
-		caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+		return nil, gas, ErrInsufficientBalance
-
-		return nil, ErrInsufficientBalance
 	}
 
 	var (
@@ -128,8 +121,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas,
 	)
 	if !evm.StateDB.Exist(addr) {
 		if PrecompiledContracts[addr] == nil && evm.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(evm.BlockNumber) && value.BitLen() == 0 {
-			caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+			return nil, gas, nil
-			return nil, nil
 		}
 
 		to = evm.StateDB.CreateAccount(addr)
@@ -143,7 +135,6 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas,
 	// only.
 	contract := NewContract(caller, to, value, gas)
 	contract.SetCallCode(&addr, evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addr), evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr))
-	defer contract.Finalise()
 
 	ret, err = evm.interpreter.Run(contract, input)
 	// When an error was returned by the EVM or when setting the creation code
@@ -154,7 +145,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas,
 
 		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
 	}
-	return ret, err
+	return ret, contract.Gas, err
 }
 
 // CallCode executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input as parameters. It also handles any
@@ -162,24 +153,18 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas,
 // case of an execution error or failed value transfer.
 //
 // CallCode differs from Call in the sense that it executes the given address' code with the caller as context.
-func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, err error) {
+func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
 	if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 {
-		caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+		return nil, gas, nil
-
-		return nil, nil
 	}
 
 	// Depth check execution. Fail if we're trying to execute above the
 	// limit.
-	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth.Int64()) {
+	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
-		caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+		return nil, gas, ErrDepth
-
-		return nil, ErrDepth
 	}
 	if !evm.CanTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), value) {
-		caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+		return nil, gas, ErrInsufficientBalance
-
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("insufficient funds to transfer value. Req %v, has %v", value, evm.StateDB.GetBalance(caller.Address()))
 	}
 
 	var (
@@ -191,7 +176,6 @@ func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte,
 	// only.
 	contract := NewContract(caller, to, value, gas)
 	contract.SetCallCode(&addr, evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addr), evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr))
-	defer contract.Finalise()
 
 	ret, err = evm.interpreter.Run(contract, input)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -200,7 +184,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte,
 		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
 	}
 
-	return ret, err
+	return ret, contract.Gas, err
 }
 
 // DelegateCall executes the contract associated with the addr with the given input as parameters.
@@ -208,18 +192,15 @@ func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte,
 //
 // DelegateCall differs from CallCode in the sense that it executes the given address' code with the caller as context
 // and the caller is set to the caller of the caller.
-func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas *big.Int) (ret []byte, err error) {
+func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
 	if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 {
-		caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+		return nil, gas, nil
-
-		return nil, nil
 	}
 
 	// Depth check execution. Fail if we're trying to execute above the
 	// limit.
-	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth.Int64()) {
+	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
-		caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+		return nil, gas, ErrDepth
-		return nil, ErrDepth
 	}
 
 	var (
@@ -230,7 +211,6 @@ func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []by
 	// Iinitialise a new contract and make initialise the delegate values
 	contract := NewContract(caller, to, caller.Value(), gas).AsDelegate()
 	contract.SetCallCode(&addr, evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addr), evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr))
-	defer contract.Finalise()
 
 	ret, err = evm.interpreter.Run(contract, input)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -239,28 +219,22 @@ func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []by
 		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
 	}
 
-	return ret, err
+	return ret, contract.Gas, err
 }
 
 // Create creates a new contract using code as deployment code.
-func (evm *EVM) Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr common.Address, err error) {
+func (evm *EVM) Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, value *big.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr common.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error) {
 	if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 {
-		caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+		return nil, common.Address{}, gas, nil
-
-		return nil, common.Address{}, nil
 	}
 
 	// Depth check execution. Fail if we're trying to execute above the
 	// limit.
-	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth.Int64()) {
+	if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) {
-		caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+		return nil, common.Address{}, gas, ErrDepth
-
-		return nil, common.Address{}, ErrDepth
 	}
 	if !evm.CanTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), value) {
-		caller.ReturnGas(gas)
+		return nil, common.Address{}, gas, ErrInsufficientBalance
-
-		return nil, common.Address{}, ErrInsufficientBalance
 	}
 
 	// Create a new account on the state
@@ -280,7 +254,6 @@ func (evm *EVM) Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas, value *big.Int) (re
 	// only.
 	contract := NewContract(caller, to, value, gas)
 	contract.SetCallCode(&contractAddr, crypto.Keccak256Hash(code), code)
-	defer contract.Finalise()
 
 	ret, err = evm.interpreter.Run(contract, nil)
 
@@ -291,9 +264,8 @@ func (evm *EVM) Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas, value *big.Int) (re
 	// be stored due to not enough gas set an error and let it be handled
 	// by the error checking condition below.
 	if err == nil && !maxCodeSizeExceeded {
-		dataGas := big.NewInt(int64(len(ret)))
+		createDataGas := uint64(len(ret)) * params.CreateDataGas
-		dataGas.Mul(dataGas, params.CreateDataGas)
+		if contract.UseGas(createDataGas) {
-		if contract.UseGas(dataGas) {
 			evm.StateDB.SetCode(contractAddr, ret)
 		} else {
 			err = ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas
@@ -305,11 +277,10 @@ func (evm *EVM) Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas, value *big.Int) (re
 	// when we're in homestead this also counts for code storage gas errors.
 	if maxCodeSizeExceeded ||
 		(err != nil && (evm.ChainConfig().IsHomestead(evm.BlockNumber) || err != ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas)) {
-		contract.UseGas(contract.Gas)
 		evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot)
 
 		// Nothing should be returned when an error is thrown.
-		return nil, contractAddr, err
+		return nil, contractAddr, 0, err
 	}
 	// If the vm returned with an error the return value should be set to nil.
 	// This isn't consensus critical but merely to for behaviour reasons such as
@@ -318,7 +289,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas, value *big.Int) (re
 		ret = nil
 	}
 
-	return ret, contractAddr, err
+	return ret, contractAddr, contract.Gas, err
 }
 
 // ChainConfig returns the evmironment's chain configuration

core/vm/gas.go

@@ -17,149 +17,42 @@
 package vm
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
-var (
+const (
-	GasQuickStep   = big.NewInt(2)
+	GasQuickStep   uint64 = 2
-	GasFastestStep = big.NewInt(3)
+	GasFastestStep uint64 = 3
-	GasFastStep    = big.NewInt(5)
+	GasFastStep    uint64 = 5
-	GasMidStep     = big.NewInt(8)
+	GasMidStep     uint64 = 8
-	GasSlowStep    = big.NewInt(10)
+	GasSlowStep    uint64 = 10
-	GasExtStep     = big.NewInt(20)
+	GasExtStep     uint64 = 20
 
-	GasReturn = big.NewInt(0)
+	GasReturn       uint64 = 0
-	GasStop   = big.NewInt(0)
+	GasStop         uint64 = 0
-
+	GasContractByte uint64 = 200
-	GasContractByte = big.NewInt(200)
-
-	n64 = big.NewInt(64)
 )
 
 // calcGas returns the actual gas cost of the call.
 //
 // The cost of gas was changed during the homestead price change HF. To allow for EIP150
 // to be implemented. The returned gas is gas - base * 63 / 64.
-func callGas(gasTable params.GasTable, availableGas, base, callCost *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func callGas(gasTable params.GasTable, availableGas, base uint64, callCost *big.Int) (uint64, error) {
-	if gasTable.CreateBySuicide != nil {
+	if gasTable.CreateBySuicide > 0 {
-		availableGas = new(big.Int).Sub(availableGas, base)
+		availableGas = availableGas - base
-		g := new(big.Int).Div(availableGas, n64)
+		gas := availableGas - availableGas/64
-		g.Sub(availableGas, g)
+		// If the bit length exceeds 64 bit we know that the newly calculated "gas" for EIP150
-
+		// is smaller than the requested amount. Therefor we return the new gas instead
-		if g.Cmp(callCost) < 0 {
+		// of returning an error.
-			return g
+		if callCost.BitLen() > 64 || gas < callCost.Uint64() {
+			return gas, nil
 		}
 	}
-	return callCost
+	if callCost.BitLen() > 64 {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
 	}
 
-// baseCheck checks for any stack error underflows
+	return callCost.Uint64(), nil
-func baseCheck(op OpCode, stack *Stack, gas *big.Int) error {
-	// PUSH and DUP are a bit special. They all cost the same but we do want to have checking on stack push limit
-	// PUSH is also allowed to calculate the same price for all PUSHes
-	// DUP requirements are handled elsewhere (except for the stack limit check)
-	if op >= PUSH1 && op <= PUSH32 {
-		op = PUSH1
-	}
-	if op >= DUP1 && op <= DUP16 {
-		op = DUP1
-	}
-
-	if r, ok := _baseCheck[op]; ok {
-		err := stack.require(r.stackPop)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		if r.stackPush > 0 && stack.len()-r.stackPop+r.stackPush > int(params.StackLimit.Int64()) {
-			return fmt.Errorf("stack limit reached %d (%d)", stack.len(), params.StackLimit.Int64())
-		}
-
-		gas.Add(gas, r.gas)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// casts a arbitrary number to the amount of words (sets of 32 bytes)
-func toWordSize(size *big.Int) *big.Int {
-	tmp := new(big.Int)
-	tmp.Add(size, u256(31))
-	tmp.Div(tmp, u256(32))
-	return tmp
-}
-
-type req struct {
-	stackPop  int
-	gas       *big.Int
-	stackPush int
-}
-
-var _baseCheck = map[OpCode]req{
-	// opcode  |  stack pop | gas price | stack push
-	ADD:          {2, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	LT:           {2, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	GT:           {2, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	SLT:          {2, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	SGT:          {2, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	EQ:           {2, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	ISZERO:       {1, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	SUB:          {2, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	AND:          {2, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	OR:           {2, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	XOR:          {2, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	NOT:          {1, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	BYTE:         {2, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	CALLDATALOAD: {1, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	CALLDATACOPY: {3, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	MLOAD:        {1, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	MSTORE:       {2, GasFastestStep, 0},
-	MSTORE8:      {2, GasFastestStep, 0},
-	CODECOPY:     {3, GasFastestStep, 0},
-	MUL:          {2, GasFastStep, 1},
-	DIV:          {2, GasFastStep, 1},
-	SDIV:         {2, GasFastStep, 1},
-	MOD:          {2, GasFastStep, 1},
-	SMOD:         {2, GasFastStep, 1},
-	SIGNEXTEND:   {2, GasFastStep, 1},
-	ADDMOD:       {3, GasMidStep, 1},
-	MULMOD:       {3, GasMidStep, 1},
-	JUMP:         {1, GasMidStep, 0},
-	JUMPI:        {2, GasSlowStep, 0},
-	EXP:          {2, GasSlowStep, 1},
-	ADDRESS:      {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	ORIGIN:       {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	CALLER:       {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	CALLVALUE:    {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	CODESIZE:     {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	GASPRICE:     {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	COINBASE:     {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	TIMESTAMP:    {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	NUMBER:       {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	CALLDATASIZE: {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	DIFFICULTY:   {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	GASLIMIT:     {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	POP:          {1, GasQuickStep, 0},
-	PC:           {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	MSIZE:        {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	GAS:          {0, GasQuickStep, 1},
-	BLOCKHASH:    {1, GasExtStep, 1},
-	BALANCE:      {1, Zero, 1},
-	EXTCODESIZE:  {1, Zero, 1},
-	EXTCODECOPY:  {4, Zero, 0},
-	SLOAD:        {1, params.SloadGas, 1},
-	SSTORE:       {2, Zero, 0},
-	SHA3:         {2, params.Sha3Gas, 1},
-	CREATE:       {3, params.CreateGas, 1},
-	// Zero is calculated in the gasSwitch
-	CALL:         {7, Zero, 1},
-	CALLCODE:     {7, Zero, 1},
-	DELEGATECALL: {6, Zero, 1},
-	SELFDESTRUCT: {1, Zero, 0},
-	JUMPDEST:     {0, params.JumpdestGas, 0},
-	RETURN:       {2, Zero, 0},
-	PUSH1:        {0, GasFastestStep, 1},
-	DUP1:         {0, Zero, 1},
 }

core/vm/gas_table.go

@@ -1,56 +1,80 @@
 package vm
 
 import (
+	gmath "math"
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
-func memoryGasCost(mem *Memory, newMemSize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+// memoryGasCosts calculates the quadratic gas for memory expansion. It does so
-	gas := new(big.Int)
+// only for the memory region that is expanded, not the total memory.
-	if newMemSize.Cmp(common.Big0) > 0 {
+func memoryGasCost(mem *Memory, newMemSize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	// The maximum that will fit in a uint64 is max_word_count - 1
+	// anything above that will result in an overflow.
+	if newMemSize > gmath.MaxUint64-32 {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+
+	if newMemSize == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
 	newMemSizeWords := toWordSize(newMemSize)
+	newMemSize = newMemSizeWords * 32
 
-		if newMemSize.Cmp(u256(int64(mem.Len()))) > 0 {
+	if newMemSize > uint64(mem.Len()) {
-			// be careful reusing variables here when changing.
+		square := newMemSizeWords * newMemSizeWords
-			// The order has been optimised to reduce allocation
+		linCoef := newMemSizeWords * params.MemoryGas
-			oldSize := toWordSize(big.NewInt(int64(mem.Len())))
+		quadCoef := square / params.QuadCoeffDiv
-			pow := new(big.Int).Exp(oldSize, common.Big2, Zero)
+		newTotalFee := linCoef + quadCoef
-			linCoef := oldSize.Mul(oldSize, params.MemoryGas)
-			quadCoef := new(big.Int).Div(pow, params.QuadCoeffDiv)
-			oldTotalFee := new(big.Int).Add(linCoef, quadCoef)
 
-			pow.Exp(newMemSizeWords, common.Big2, Zero)
+		fee := newTotalFee - mem.lastGasCost
-			linCoef = linCoef.Mul(newMemSizeWords, params.MemoryGas)
+		mem.lastGasCost = newTotalFee
-			quadCoef = quadCoef.Div(pow, params.QuadCoeffDiv)
-			newTotalFee := linCoef.Add(linCoef, quadCoef)
 
-			fee := newTotalFee.Sub(newTotalFee, oldTotalFee)
+		return fee, nil
-			gas.Add(gas, fee)
 	}
-	}
+	return 0, nil
-	return gas
 }
 
-func constGasFunc(gas *big.Int) gasFunc {
+func constGasFunc(gas uint64) gasFunc {
-	return func(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	return func(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-		return gas
+		return gas, nil
 	}
 }
 
-func gasCalldataCopy(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasCalldataCopy(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	gas := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
-	gas.Add(gas, GasFastestStep)
+	if err != nil {
-	words := toWordSize(stack.Back(2))
+		return 0, err
-
-	return gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, params.CopyGas))
 	}
 
-func gasSStore(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	var overflow bool
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, GasFastestStep); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+
+	words, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(2))
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+
+	if words, overflow = math.SafeMul(toWordSize(words), params.CopyGas); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, words); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasSStore(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
 	var (
 		y, x = stack.Back(1), stack.Back(0)
-		val  = env.StateDB.GetState(contract.Address(), common.BigToHash(x))
+		val  = evm.StateDB.GetState(contract.Address(), common.BigToHash(x))
 	)
 	// This checks for 3 scenario's and calculates gas accordingly
 	// 1. From a zero-value address to a non-zero value         (NEW VALUE)
@@ -58,189 +82,335 @@ func gasSStore(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, m
 	// 3. From a non-zero to a non-zero                         (CHANGE)
 	if common.EmptyHash(val) && !common.EmptyHash(common.BigToHash(y)) {
 		// 0 => non 0
-		return new(big.Int).Set(params.SstoreSetGas)
+		return params.SstoreSetGas, nil
 	} else if !common.EmptyHash(val) && common.EmptyHash(common.BigToHash(y)) {
-		env.StateDB.AddRefund(params.SstoreRefundGas)
+		evm.StateDB.AddRefund(new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.SstoreRefundGas))
 
-		return new(big.Int).Set(params.SstoreClearGas)
+		return params.SstoreClearGas, nil
 	} else {
 		// non 0 => non 0 (or 0 => 0)
-		return new(big.Int).Set(params.SstoreResetGas)
+		return params.SstoreResetGas, nil
 	}
 }
 
-func makeGasLog(n uint) gasFunc {
+func makeGasLog(n uint64) gasFunc {
-	return func(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	return func(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-		mSize := stack.Back(1)
+		requestedSize, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(1))
+		if overflow {
+			return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+		}
 
-		gas := new(big.Int).Add(memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize), params.LogGas)
+		gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
-		gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Mul(big.NewInt(int64(n)), params.LogTopicGas))
+		if err != nil {
-		gas.Add(gas, new(big.Int).Mul(mSize, params.LogDataGas))
+			return 0, err
-		return gas
+		}
+
+		if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, params.LogGas); overflow {
+			return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, n*params.LogTopicGas); overflow {
+			return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+		}
+
+		var memorySizeGas uint64
+		if memorySizeGas, overflow = math.SafeMul(requestedSize, params.LogDataGas); overflow {
+			return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, memorySizeGas); overflow {
+			return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		return gas, nil
 	}
 }
 
-func gasSha3(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasSha3(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	gas := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	var overflow bool
-	gas.Add(gas, params.Sha3Gas)
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
-	words := toWordSize(stack.Back(1))
+	if err != nil {
-	return gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, params.Sha3WordGas))
+		return 0, err
 	}
 
-func gasCodeCopy(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, params.Sha3Gas); overflow {
-	gas := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
-	gas.Add(gas, GasFastestStep)
-	words := toWordSize(stack.Back(2))
-
-	return gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, params.CopyGas))
 	}
 
-func gasExtCodeCopy(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	wordGas, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(1))
-	gas := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if overflow {
-	gas.Add(gas, gt.ExtcodeCopy)
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
-	words := toWordSize(stack.Back(3))
+	}
-
+	if wordGas, overflow = math.SafeMul(toWordSize(wordGas), params.Sha3WordGas); overflow {
-	return gas.Add(gas, words.Mul(words, params.CopyGas))
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, wordGas); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
 }
 
-func gasMLoad(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasCodeCopy(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	return new(big.Int).Add(GasFastestStep, memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize))
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
 	}
 
-func gasMStore8(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	var overflow bool
-	return new(big.Int).Add(GasFastestStep, memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize))
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, GasFastestStep); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
 	}
 
-func gasMStore(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	wordGas, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(2))
-	return new(big.Int).Add(GasFastestStep, memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize))
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	if wordGas, overflow = math.SafeMul(toWordSize(wordGas), params.CopyGas); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, wordGas); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
 }
 
-func gasCreate(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasExtCodeCopy(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	return new(big.Int).Add(params.CreateGas, memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize))
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
 	}
 
-func gasBalance(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	var overflow bool
-	return gt.Balance
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, gt.ExtcodeCopy); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
 	}
 
-func gasExtCodeSize(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	wordGas, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(3))
-	return gt.ExtcodeSize
+	if overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
 	}
 
-func gasSLoad(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	if wordGas, overflow = math.SafeMul(toWordSize(wordGas), params.CopyGas); overflow {
-	return gt.SLoad
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
 	}
 
-func gasExp(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, wordGas); overflow {
-	expByteLen := int64((stack.data[stack.len()-2].BitLen() + 7) / 8)
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
-	gas := big.NewInt(expByteLen)
+	}
-	gas.Mul(gas, gt.ExpByte)
+	return gas, nil
-	return gas.Add(gas, GasSlowStep)
 }
 
-func gasCall(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasMLoad(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	gas := new(big.Int).Set(gt.Calls)
+	var overflow bool
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, GasFastestStep); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasMStore8(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	var overflow bool
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, GasFastestStep); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasMStore(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	var overflow bool
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, GasFastestStep); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasCreate(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	var overflow bool
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, params.CreateGas); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasBalance(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	return gt.Balance, nil
+}
+
+func gasExtCodeSize(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	return gt.ExtcodeSize, nil
+}
+
+func gasSLoad(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	return gt.SLoad, nil
+}
+
+func gasExp(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	expByteLen := uint64((stack.data[stack.len()-2].BitLen() + 7) / 8)
 
-	transfersValue := stack.Back(2).BitLen() > 0
 	var (
+		gas      = expByteLen * gt.ExpByte // no overflow check required. Max is 256 * ExpByte gas
+		overflow bool
+	)
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, GasSlowStep); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
+}
+
+func gasCall(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
+	var (
+		gas            = gt.Calls
+		transfersValue = stack.Back(2).BitLen() > 0
 		address        = common.BigToAddress(stack.Back(1))
-		eip158  = env.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(env.BlockNumber)
+		eip158         = evm.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(evm.BlockNumber)
 	)
 	if eip158 {
-		if env.StateDB.Empty(address) && transfersValue {
+		if evm.StateDB.Empty(address) && transfersValue {
-			gas.Add(gas, params.CallNewAccountGas)
+			gas += params.CallNewAccountGas
 		}
-	} else if !env.StateDB.Exist(address) {
+	} else if !evm.StateDB.Exist(address) {
-		gas.Add(gas, params.CallNewAccountGas)
+		gas += params.CallNewAccountGas
 	}
 	if transfersValue {
-		gas.Add(gas, params.CallValueTransferGas)
+		gas += params.CallValueTransferGas
+	}
+	memoryGas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	var overflow bool
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, memoryGas); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
 	}
-	gas.Add(gas, memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize))
 
-	cg := callGas(gt, contract.Gas, gas, stack.data[stack.len()-1])
+	cg, err := callGas(gt, contract.Gas, gas, stack.Back(0))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
 	// Replace the stack item with the new gas calculation. This means that
 	// either the original item is left on the stack or the item is replaced by:
 	// (availableGas - gas) * 63 / 64
 	// We replace the stack item so that it's available when the opCall instruction is
 	// called. This information is otherwise lost due to the dependency on *current*
 	// available gas.
-	stack.data[stack.len()-1] = cg
+	stack.data[stack.len()-1] = new(big.Int).SetUint64(cg)
 
-	return gas.Add(gas, cg)
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, cg); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
 }
 
-func gasCallCode(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasCallCode(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	gas := new(big.Int).Set(gt.Calls)
+	gas := gt.Calls
 	if stack.Back(2).BitLen() > 0 {
-		gas.Add(gas, params.CallValueTransferGas)
+		gas += params.CallValueTransferGas
+	}
+	memoryGas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	var overflow bool
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, memoryGas); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
 	}
-	gas.Add(gas, memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize))
 
-	cg := callGas(gt, contract.Gas, gas, stack.data[stack.len()-1])
+	cg, err := callGas(gt, contract.Gas, gas, stack.Back(0))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
 	// Replace the stack item with the new gas calculation. This means that
 	// either the original item is left on the stack or the item is replaced by:
 	// (availableGas - gas) * 63 / 64
 	// We replace the stack item so that it's available when the opCall instruction is
 	// called. This information is otherwise lost due to the dependency on *current*
 	// available gas.
-	stack.data[stack.len()-1] = cg
+	stack.data[stack.len()-1] = new(big.Int).SetUint64(cg)
 
-	return gas.Add(gas, cg)
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, cg); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
 }
 
-func gasReturn(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasReturn(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
 	return memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
 }
 
-func gasSuicide(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasSuicide(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	gas := new(big.Int)
+	var gas uint64
 	// EIP150 homestead gas reprice fork:
-	if env.ChainConfig().IsEIP150(env.BlockNumber) {
+	if evm.ChainConfig().IsEIP150(evm.BlockNumber) {
-		gas.Set(gt.Suicide)
+		gas = gt.Suicide
 		var (
 			address = common.BigToAddress(stack.Back(0))
-			eip158  = env.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(env.BlockNumber)
+			eip158  = evm.ChainConfig().IsEIP158(evm.BlockNumber)
 		)
 
 		if eip158 {
 			// if empty and transfers value
-			if env.StateDB.Empty(address) && env.StateDB.GetBalance(contract.Address()).BitLen() > 0 {
+			if evm.StateDB.Empty(address) && evm.StateDB.GetBalance(contract.Address()).BitLen() > 0 {
-				gas.Add(gas, gt.CreateBySuicide)
+				gas += gt.CreateBySuicide
 			}
-		} else if !env.StateDB.Exist(address) {
+		} else if !evm.StateDB.Exist(address) {
-			gas.Add(gas, gt.CreateBySuicide)
+			gas += gt.CreateBySuicide
 		}
 	}
 
-	if !env.StateDB.HasSuicided(contract.Address()) {
+	if !evm.StateDB.HasSuicided(contract.Address()) {
-		env.StateDB.AddRefund(params.SuicideRefundGas)
+		evm.StateDB.AddRefund(new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.SuicideRefundGas))
 	}
-	return gas
+	return gas, nil
 }
 
-func gasDelegateCall(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasDelegateCall(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	gas := new(big.Int).Add(gt.Calls, memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize))
+	gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	var overflow bool
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, gt.Calls); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
 
-	cg := callGas(gt, contract.Gas, gas, stack.data[stack.len()-1])
+	cg, err := callGas(gt, contract.Gas, gas, stack.Back(0))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
 	// Replace the stack item with the new gas calculation. This means that
 	// either the original item is left on the stack or the item is replaced by:
 	// (availableGas - gas) * 63 / 64
 	// We replace the stack item so that it's available when the opCall instruction is
 	// called.
-	stack.data[stack.len()-1] = cg
+	stack.data[stack.len()-1] = new(big.Int).SetUint64(cg)
 
-	return gas.Add(gas, cg)
+	if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, cg); overflow {
+		return 0, errGasUintOverflow
+	}
+	return gas, nil
 }
 
-func gasPush(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasPush(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	return GasFastestStep
+	return GasFastestStep, nil
 }
 
-func gasSwap(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasSwap(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	return GasFastestStep
+	return GasFastestStep, nil
 }
 
-func gasDup(gt params.GasTable, env *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize *big.Int) *big.Int {
+func gasDup(gt params.GasTable, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) {
-	return GasFastestStep
+	return GasFastestStep, nil
 }

core/vm/gas_table_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestMemoryGasCost(t *testing.T) {
+	size := uint64(math.MaxUint64 - 64)
+	_, err := memoryGasCost(&Memory{}, size)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error("didn't expect error:", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = memoryGasCost(&Memory{}, size+32)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Error("didn't expect error:", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = memoryGasCost(&Memory{}, size+33)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error")
+	}
+}

core/vm/instructions.go

@@ -27,42 +27,56 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
-func opAdd(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+var bigZero = new(big.Int)
+
+func opAdd(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	stack.push(U256(x.Add(x, y)))
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y)
+
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opSub(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opSub(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	stack.push(U256(x.Sub(x, y)))
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y)
+
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opMul(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opMul(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	stack.push(U256(x.Mul(x, y)))
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y)
+
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opDiv(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opDiv(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	if y.Cmp(common.Big0) != 0 {
 		stack.push(U256(x.Div(x, y)))
 	} else {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y)
+
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opSdiv(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opSdiv(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := S256(stack.pop()), S256(stack.pop())
 	if y.Cmp(common.Big0) == 0 {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 		return nil, nil
 	} else {
 		n := new(big.Int)
-		if new(big.Int).Mul(x, y).Cmp(common.Big0) < 0 {
+		if evm.interpreter.intPool.get().Mul(x, y).Cmp(common.Big0) < 0 {
 			n.SetInt64(-1)
 		} else {
 			n.SetInt64(1)
@@ -73,20 +87,22 @@ func opSdiv(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Sta
 
 		stack.push(U256(res))
 	}
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opMod(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opMod(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	if y.Cmp(common.Big0) == 0 {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	} else {
 		stack.push(U256(x.Mod(x, y)))
 	}
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opSmod(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opSmod(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := S256(stack.pop()), S256(stack.pop())
 
 	if y.Cmp(common.Big0) == 0 {
@@ -104,16 +120,20 @@ func opSmod(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Sta
 
 		stack.push(U256(res))
 	}
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opExp(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opExp(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	base, exponent := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	stack.push(math.Exp(base, exponent))
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(base, exponent)
+
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opSignExtend(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opSignExtend(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	back := stack.pop()
 	if back.Cmp(big.NewInt(31)) < 0 {
 		bit := uint(back.Uint64()*8 + 7)
@@ -128,198 +148,231 @@ func opSignExtend(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stac
 
 		stack.push(U256(num))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(back)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opNot(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opNot(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x := stack.pop()
 	stack.push(U256(x.Not(x)))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opLt(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opLt(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	if x.Cmp(y) < 0 {
-		stack.push(big.NewInt(1))
+		stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(1))
 	} else {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(x, y)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opGt(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opGt(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	if x.Cmp(y) > 0 {
-		stack.push(big.NewInt(1))
+		stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(1))
 	} else {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(x, y)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opSlt(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opSlt(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := S256(stack.pop()), S256(stack.pop())
 	if x.Cmp(S256(y)) < 0 {
-		stack.push(big.NewInt(1))
+		stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(1))
 	} else {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(x, y)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opSgt(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opSgt(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := S256(stack.pop()), S256(stack.pop())
 	if x.Cmp(y) > 0 {
-		stack.push(big.NewInt(1))
+		stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(1))
 	} else {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(x, y)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opEq(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opEq(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	if x.Cmp(y) == 0 {
-		stack.push(big.NewInt(1))
+		stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(1))
 	} else {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(x, y)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opIszero(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opIszero(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x := stack.pop()
 	if x.Cmp(common.Big0) > 0 {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	} else {
-		stack.push(big.NewInt(1))
+		stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(1))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(x)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opAnd(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opAnd(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	stack.push(x.And(x, y))
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y)
 	return nil, nil
 }
-func opOr(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opOr(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	stack.push(x.Or(x, y))
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y)
 	return nil, nil
 }
-func opXor(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opXor(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	stack.push(x.Xor(x, y))
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y)
 	return nil, nil
 }
-func opByte(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opByte(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	th, val := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	if th.Cmp(big.NewInt(32)) < 0 {
-		byte := big.NewInt(int64(common.LeftPadBytes(val.Bytes(), 32)[th.Int64()]))
+		byte := evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetInt64(int64(common.LeftPadBytes(val.Bytes(), 32)[th.Int64()]))
 		stack.push(byte)
 	} else {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(th, val)
 	return nil, nil
 }
-func opAddmod(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opAddmod(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y, z := stack.pop(), stack.pop(), stack.pop()
-	if z.Cmp(Zero) > 0 {
+	if z.Cmp(bigZero) > 0 {
 		add := x.Add(x, y)
 		add.Mod(add, z)
 		stack.push(U256(add))
 	} else {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y, z)
 	return nil, nil
 }
-func opMulmod(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opMulmod(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	x, y, z := stack.pop(), stack.pop(), stack.pop()
-	if z.Cmp(Zero) > 0 {
+	if z.Cmp(bigZero) > 0 {
 		mul := x.Mul(x, y)
 		mul.Mod(mul, z)
 		stack.push(U256(mul))
 	} else {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(y, z)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opSha3(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opSha3(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	offset, size := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	data := memory.Get(offset.Int64(), size.Int64())
 	hash := crypto.Keccak256(data)
 
-	if env.vmConfig.EnablePreimageRecording {
+	if evm.vmConfig.EnablePreimageRecording {
-		env.StateDB.AddPreimage(common.BytesToHash(hash), data)
+		evm.StateDB.AddPreimage(common.BytesToHash(hash), data)
 	}
 
 	stack.push(common.BytesToBig(hash))
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(offset, size)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opAddress(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opAddress(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	stack.push(common.Bytes2Big(contract.Address().Bytes()))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opBalance(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opBalance(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	addr := common.BigToAddress(stack.pop())
-	balance := env.StateDB.GetBalance(addr)
+	balance := evm.StateDB.GetBalance(addr)
 
 	stack.push(new(big.Int).Set(balance))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opOrigin(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opOrigin(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(env.Origin.Big())
+	stack.push(evm.Origin.Big())
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opCaller(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opCaller(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	stack.push(contract.Caller().Big())
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opCallValue(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opCallValue(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(new(big.Int).Set(contract.value))
+	stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().Set(contract.value))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opCalldataLoad(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opCalldataLoad(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	stack.push(common.Bytes2Big(getData(contract.Input, stack.pop(), common.Big32)))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opCalldataSize(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opCalldataSize(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(big.NewInt(int64(len(contract.Input))))
+	stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetInt64(int64(len(contract.Input))))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opCalldataCopy(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opCalldataCopy(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	var (
 		mOff = stack.pop()
 		cOff = stack.pop()
 		l    = stack.pop()
 	)
 	memory.Set(mOff.Uint64(), l.Uint64(), getData(contract.Input, cOff, l))
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(mOff, cOff, l)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opExtCodeSize(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opExtCodeSize(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	addr := common.BigToAddress(stack.pop())
+	a := stack.pop()
-	l := big.NewInt(int64(env.StateDB.GetCodeSize(addr)))
+
+	addr := common.BigToAddress(a)
+	a.SetInt64(int64(evm.StateDB.GetCodeSize(addr)))
+	stack.push(a)
+
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func opCodeSize(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+	l := evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetInt64(int64(len(contract.Code)))
 	stack.push(l)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opCodeSize(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opCodeCopy(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	l := big.NewInt(int64(len(contract.Code)))
-	stack.push(l)
-	return nil, nil
-}
-
-func opCodeCopy(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	var (
 		mOff = stack.pop()
 		cOff = stack.pop()
@@ -328,113 +381,129 @@ func opCodeCopy(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack
 	codeCopy := getData(contract.Code, cOff, l)
 
 	memory.Set(mOff.Uint64(), l.Uint64(), codeCopy)
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(mOff, cOff, l)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opExtCodeCopy(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opExtCodeCopy(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	var (
 		addr = common.BigToAddress(stack.pop())
 		mOff = stack.pop()
 		cOff = stack.pop()
 		l    = stack.pop()
 	)
-	codeCopy := getData(env.StateDB.GetCode(addr), cOff, l)
+	codeCopy := getData(evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr), cOff, l)
 
 	memory.Set(mOff.Uint64(), l.Uint64(), codeCopy)
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(mOff, cOff, l)
+
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opGasprice(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opGasprice(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(new(big.Int).Set(env.GasPrice))
+	stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().Set(evm.GasPrice))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opBlockhash(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opBlockhash(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	num := stack.pop()
 
-	n := new(big.Int).Sub(env.BlockNumber, common.Big257)
+	n := evm.interpreter.intPool.get().Sub(evm.BlockNumber, common.Big257)
-	if num.Cmp(n) > 0 && num.Cmp(env.BlockNumber) < 0 {
+	if num.Cmp(n) > 0 && num.Cmp(evm.BlockNumber) < 0 {
-		stack.push(env.GetHash(num.Uint64()).Big())
+		stack.push(evm.GetHash(num.Uint64()).Big())
 	} else {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(num, n)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opCoinbase(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opCoinbase(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(env.Coinbase.Big())
+	stack.push(evm.Coinbase.Big())
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opTimestamp(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opTimestamp(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(U256(new(big.Int).Set(env.Time)))
+	stack.push(U256(new(big.Int).Set(evm.Time)))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opNumber(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opNumber(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(U256(new(big.Int).Set(env.BlockNumber)))
+	stack.push(U256(new(big.Int).Set(evm.BlockNumber)))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opDifficulty(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opDifficulty(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(U256(new(big.Int).Set(env.Difficulty)))
+	stack.push(U256(new(big.Int).Set(evm.Difficulty)))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opGasLimit(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opGasLimit(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(U256(new(big.Int).Set(env.GasLimit)))
+	stack.push(U256(new(big.Int).Set(evm.GasLimit)))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opPop(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opPop(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.pop()
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(stack.pop())
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opMload(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opMload(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	offset := stack.pop()
 	val := common.BigD(memory.Get(offset.Int64(), 32))
 	stack.push(val)
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(offset)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opMstore(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opMstore(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	// pop value of the stack
 	mStart, val := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	memory.Set(mStart.Uint64(), 32, common.BigToBytes(val, 256))
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(mStart, val)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opMstore8(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opMstore8(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	off, val := stack.pop().Int64(), stack.pop().Int64()
 	memory.store[off] = byte(val & 0xff)
+
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opSload(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opSload(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	loc := common.BigToHash(stack.pop())
-	val := env.StateDB.GetState(contract.Address(), loc).Big()
+	val := evm.StateDB.GetState(contract.Address(), loc).Big()
 	stack.push(val)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opSstore(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opSstore(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	loc := common.BigToHash(stack.pop())
 	val := stack.pop()
-	env.StateDB.SetState(contract.Address(), loc, common.BigToHash(val))
+	evm.StateDB.SetState(contract.Address(), loc, common.BigToHash(val))
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(val)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opJump(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opJump(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	pos := stack.pop()
 	if !contract.jumpdests.has(contract.CodeHash, contract.Code, pos) {
 		nop := contract.GetOp(pos.Uint64())
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid jump destination (%v) %v", nop, pos)
 	}
 	*pc = pos.Uint64()
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(pos)
 	return nil, nil
 }
-func opJumpi(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opJumpi(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	pos, cond := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	if cond.Cmp(common.BigTrue) >= 0 {
 		if !contract.jumpdests.has(contract.CodeHash, contract.Code, pos) {
@@ -445,57 +514,62 @@ func opJumpi(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *St
 	} else {
 		*pc++
 	}
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(pos, cond)
 	return nil, nil
 }
-func opJumpdest(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opJumpdest(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opPc(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opPc(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(new(big.Int).SetUint64(*pc))
+	stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(*pc))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opMsize(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opMsize(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(big.NewInt(int64(memory.Len())))
+	stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetInt64(int64(memory.Len())))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opGas(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opGas(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	stack.push(new(big.Int).Set(contract.Gas))
+	stack.push(evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(contract.Gas))
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opCreate(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opCreate(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	var (
 		value        = stack.pop()
 		offset, size = stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 		input        = memory.Get(offset.Int64(), size.Int64())
-		gas          = new(big.Int).Set(contract.Gas)
+		gas          = contract.Gas
 	)
-	if env.ChainConfig().IsEIP150(env.BlockNumber) {
+	if evm.ChainConfig().IsEIP150(evm.BlockNumber) {
-		gas.Div(gas, n64)
+		gas -= gas / 64
-		gas = gas.Sub(contract.Gas, gas)
 	}
 
 	contract.UseGas(gas)
-	_, addr, suberr := env.Create(contract, input, gas, value)
+	_, addr, returnGas, suberr := evm.Create(contract, input, gas, value)
 	// Push item on the stack based on the returned error. If the ruleset is
 	// homestead we must check for CodeStoreOutOfGasError (homestead only
 	// rule) and treat as an error, if the ruleset is frontier we must
 	// ignore this error and pretend the operation was successful.
-	if env.ChainConfig().IsHomestead(env.BlockNumber) && suberr == ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas {
+	if evm.ChainConfig().IsHomestead(evm.BlockNumber) && suberr == ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	} else if suberr != nil && suberr != ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	} else {
 		stack.push(addr.Big())
 	}
+	contract.Gas += returnGas
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(value, offset, size)
+
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opCall(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opCall(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	gas := stack.pop()
+	gas := stack.pop().Uint64()
 	// pop gas and value of the stack.
 	addr, value := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	value = U256(value)
@@ -509,25 +583,26 @@ func opCall(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Sta
 	// Get the arguments from the memory
 	args := memory.Get(inOffset.Int64(), inSize.Int64())
 
-	if len(value.Bytes()) > 0 {
+	if value.BitLen() > 0 {
-		gas.Add(gas, params.CallStipend)
+		gas += params.CallStipend
 	}
 
-	ret, err := env.Call(contract, address, args, gas, value)
+	ret, returnGas, err := evm.Call(contract, address, args, gas, value)
-
 	if err != nil {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
-
 	} else {
 		stack.push(big.NewInt(1))
 
 		memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret)
 	}
+	contract.Gas += returnGas
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(addr, value, inOffset, inSize, retOffset, retSize)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opCallCode(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opCallCode(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	gas := stack.pop()
+	gas := stack.pop().Uint64()
 	// pop gas and value of the stack.
 	addr, value := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	value = U256(value)
@@ -541,12 +616,11 @@ func opCallCode(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack
 	// Get the arguments from the memory
 	args := memory.Get(inOffset.Int64(), inSize.Int64())
 
-	if len(value.Bytes()) > 0 {
+	if value.BitLen() > 0 {
-		gas.Add(gas, params.CallStipend)
+		gas += params.CallStipend
 	}
 
-	ret, err := env.CallCode(contract, address, args, gas, value)
+	ret, returnGas, err := evm.CallCode(contract, address, args, gas, value)
-
 	if err != nil {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 
@@ -555,46 +629,54 @@ func opCallCode(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack
 
 		memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret)
 	}
+	contract.Gas += returnGas
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(addr, value, inOffset, inSize, retOffset, retSize)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opDelegateCall(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opDelegateCall(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	// if not homestead return an error. DELEGATECALL is not supported
 	// during pre-homestead.
-	if !env.ChainConfig().IsHomestead(env.BlockNumber) {
+	if !evm.ChainConfig().IsHomestead(evm.BlockNumber) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid opcode %x", DELEGATECALL)
 	}
 
-	gas, to, inOffset, inSize, outOffset, outSize := stack.pop(), stack.pop(), stack.pop(), stack.pop(), stack.pop(), stack.pop()
+	gas, to, inOffset, inSize, outOffset, outSize := stack.pop().Uint64(), stack.pop(), stack.pop(), stack.pop(), stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 
 	toAddr := common.BigToAddress(to)
 	args := memory.Get(inOffset.Int64(), inSize.Int64())
-	ret, err := env.DelegateCall(contract, toAddr, args, gas)
+
+	ret, returnGas, err := evm.DelegateCall(contract, toAddr, args, gas)
 	if err != nil {
 		stack.push(new(big.Int))
 	} else {
 		stack.push(big.NewInt(1))
 		memory.Set(outOffset.Uint64(), outSize.Uint64(), ret)
 	}
+	contract.Gas += returnGas
+
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(to, inOffset, inSize, outOffset, outSize)
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opReturn(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opReturn(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	offset, size := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 	ret := memory.GetPtr(offset.Int64(), size.Int64())
 
+	evm.interpreter.intPool.put(offset, size)
 	return ret, nil
 }
 
-func opStop(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opStop(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func opSuicide(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+func opSuicide(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-	balance := env.StateDB.GetBalance(contract.Address())
+	balance := evm.StateDB.GetBalance(contract.Address())
-	env.StateDB.AddBalance(common.BigToAddress(stack.pop()), balance)
+	evm.StateDB.AddBalance(common.BigToAddress(stack.pop()), balance)
 
-	env.StateDB.Suicide(contract.Address())
+	evm.StateDB.Suicide(contract.Address())
 
 	return nil, nil
 }
@@ -603,7 +685,7 @@ func opSuicide(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *
 
 // make log instruction function
 func makeLog(size int) executionFunc {
-	return func(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+	return func(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 		topics := make([]common.Hash, size)
 		mStart, mSize := stack.pop(), stack.pop()
 		for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
@@ -611,22 +693,24 @@ func makeLog(size int) executionFunc {
 		}
 
 		d := memory.Get(mStart.Int64(), mSize.Int64())
-		env.StateDB.AddLog(&types.Log{
+		evm.StateDB.AddLog(&types.Log{
 			Address: contract.Address(),
 			Topics:  topics,
 			Data:    d,
 			// This is a non-consensus field, but assigned here because
 			// core/state doesn't know the current block number.
-			BlockNumber: env.BlockNumber.Uint64(),
+			BlockNumber: evm.BlockNumber.Uint64(),
 		})
+
+		evm.interpreter.intPool.put(mStart, mSize)
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 }
 
 // make push instruction function
 func makePush(size uint64, bsize *big.Int) executionFunc {
-	return func(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+	return func(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
-		byts := getData(contract.Code, new(big.Int).SetUint64(*pc+1), bsize)
+		byts := getData(contract.Code, evm.interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(*pc+1), bsize)
 		stack.push(common.Bytes2Big(byts))
 		*pc += size
 		return nil, nil
@@ -635,7 +719,7 @@ func makePush(size uint64, bsize *big.Int) executionFunc {
 
 // make push instruction function
 func makeDup(size int64) executionFunc {
-	return func(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+	return func(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 		stack.dup(int(size))
 		return nil, nil
 	}
@@ -645,7 +729,7 @@ func makeDup(size int64) executionFunc {
 func makeSwap(size int64) executionFunc {
 	// switch n + 1 otherwise n would be swapped with n
 	size += 1
-	return func(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
+	return func(pc *uint64, evm *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error) {
 		stack.swap(int(size))
 		return nil, nil
 	}

core/vm/int_pool_verifier.go

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// +build VERIFY_EVM_INTEGER_POOL
+
+package vm
+
+import "fmt"
+
+const verifyPool = true
+
+func verifyIntegerPool(ip *intPool) {
+	for i, item := range ip.pool.data {
+		if item.Cmp(checkVal) != 0 {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("%d'th item failed aggressive pool check. Value was modified", i))
+		}
+	}
+}

core/vm/int_pool_verifier_empty.go

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// +build !VERIFY_EVM_INTEGER_POOL
+
+package vm
+
+const verifyPool = false
+
+func verifyIntegerPool(ip *intPool) {}

core/vm/interpreter.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger/glog"
@@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ type Interpreter struct {
 	env      *EVM
 	cfg      Config
 	gasTable params.GasTable
+	intPool  *intPool
 }
 
 // NewInterpreter returns a new instance of the Interpreter.
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ func NewInterpreter(env *EVM, cfg Config) *Interpreter {
 		env:      env,
 		cfg:      cfg,
 		gasTable: env.ChainConfig().GasTable(env.BlockNumber),
+		intPool:  newIntPool(),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -106,14 +109,18 @@ func (evm *Interpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte) (ret []byte, err e
 		// For optimisation reason we're using uint64 as the program counter.
 		// It's theoretically possible to go above 2^64. The YP defines the PC to be uint256. Practically much less so feasible.
 		pc   = uint64(0) // program counter
-		cost *big.Int
+		cost uint64
 	)
 	contract.Input = input
 
 	// User defer pattern to check for an error and, based on the error being nil or not, use all gas and return.
 	defer func() {
 		if err != nil && evm.cfg.Debug {
-			evm.cfg.Tracer.CaptureState(evm.env, pc, op, contract.Gas, cost, mem, stack, contract, evm.env.depth, err)
+			// XXX For debugging
+			//fmt.Printf("%04d: %8v    cost = %-8d stack = %-8d ERR = %v\n", pc, op, cost, stack.len(), err)
+			// TODO update the tracer
+			g, c := new(big.Int).SetUint64(contract.Gas), new(big.Int).SetUint64(cost)
+			evm.cfg.Tracer.CaptureState(evm.env, pc, op, g, c, mem, stack, contract, evm.env.depth, err)
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -147,34 +154,47 @@ func (evm *Interpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte) (ret []byte, err e
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
-		var memorySize *big.Int
+		var memorySize uint64
 		// calculate the new memory size and expand the memory to fit
 		// the operation
 		if operation.memorySize != nil {
-			memorySize = operation.memorySize(stack)
+			memSize, overflow := bigUint64(operation.memorySize(stack))
+			if overflow {
+				return nil, errGasUintOverflow
+			}
 			// memory is expanded in words of 32 bytes. Gas
 			// is also calculated in words.
-			memorySize.Mul(toWordSize(memorySize), big.NewInt(32))
+			if memorySize, overflow = math.SafeMul(toWordSize(memSize), 32); overflow {
+				return nil, errGasUintOverflow
+			}
 		}
 
 		if !evm.cfg.DisableGasMetering {
 			// consume the gas and return an error if not enough gas is available.
 			// cost is explicitly set so that the capture state defer method cas get the proper cost
-			cost = operation.gasCost(evm.gasTable, evm.env, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
+			cost, err = operation.gasCost(evm.gasTable, evm.env, contract, stack, mem, memorySize)
-			if !contract.UseGas(cost) {
+			if err != nil || !contract.UseGas(cost) {
 				return nil, ErrOutOfGas
 			}
 		}
-		if memorySize != nil {
+		if memorySize > 0 {
-			mem.Resize(memorySize.Uint64())
+			mem.Resize(memorySize)
 		}
 
 		if evm.cfg.Debug {
-			evm.cfg.Tracer.CaptureState(evm.env, pc, op, contract.Gas, cost, mem, stack, contract, evm.env.depth, err)
+			g, c := new(big.Int).SetUint64(contract.Gas), new(big.Int).SetUint64(cost)
+			evm.cfg.Tracer.CaptureState(evm.env, pc, op, g, c, mem, stack, contract, evm.env.depth, err)
 		}
+		// XXX For debugging
+		//fmt.Printf("%04d: %8v    cost = %-8d stack = %-8d\n", pc, op, cost, stack.len())
 
 		// execute the operation
 		res, err := operation.execute(&pc, evm.env, contract, mem, stack)
+		// verifyPool is a build flag. Pool verification makes sure the integrity
+		// of the integer pool by comparing values to a default value.
+		if verifyPool {
+			verifyIntegerPool(evm.intPool)
+		}
 		switch {
 		case err != nil:
 			return nil, err

core/vm/intpool.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2014 The go-ethereum Authors
+// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
 // This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
 //
 // The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
@@ -16,7 +16,34 @@
 
 package vm
 
-// VirtualMachine is an EVM interface
+import "math/big"
-type VirtualMachine interface {
+
-	Run(*Contract, []byte) ([]byte, error)
+var checkVal = big.NewInt(-42)
+
+// intPool is a pool of big integers that
+// can be reused for all big.Int operations.
+type intPool struct {
+	pool *Stack
+}
+
+func newIntPool() *intPool {
+	return &intPool{pool: newstack()}
+}
+
+func (p *intPool) get() *big.Int {
+	if p.pool.len() > 0 {
+		return p.pool.pop()
+	}
+	return new(big.Int)
+}
+func (p *intPool) put(is ...*big.Int) {
+	for _, i := range is {
+		// verifyPool is a build flag. Pool verification makes sure the integrity
+		// of the integer pool by comparing values to a default value.
+		if verifyPool {
+			i.Set(checkVal)
+		}
+
+		p.pool.push(i)
+	}
 }

core/vm/jump_table.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package vm
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -24,11 +25,13 @@ import (
 
 type (
 	executionFunc       func(pc *uint64, env *EVM, contract *Contract, memory *Memory, stack *Stack) ([]byte, error)
-	gasFunc             func(params.GasTable, *EVM, *Contract, *Stack, *Memory, *big.Int) *big.Int
+	gasFunc             func(params.GasTable, *EVM, *Contract, *Stack, *Memory, uint64) (uint64, error) // last parameter is the requested memory size as a uint64
 	stackValidationFunc func(*Stack) error
 	memorySizeFunc      func(*Stack) *big.Int
 )
 
+var errGasUintOverflow = errors.New("gas uint64 overflow")
+
 type operation struct {
 	// op is the operation function
 	execute executionFunc
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ func NewJumpTable() [256]operation {
 	return [256]operation{
 		STOP: {
 			execute:       opStop,
-			gasCost:       constGasFunc(new(big.Int)),
+			gasCost:       constGasFunc(0),
 			validateStack: makeStackFunc(0, 0),
 			halts:         true,
 			valid:         true,
@@ -62,139 +65,139 @@ func NewJumpTable() [256]operation {
 		ADD: {
 			execute:       opAdd,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		MUL: {
 			execute:       opMul,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		SUB: {
 			execute:       opSub,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		DIV: {
 			execute:       opDiv,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		SDIV: {
 			execute:       opSdiv,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		MOD: {
 			execute:       opMod,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		SMOD: {
 			execute:       opSmod,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		ADDMOD: {
 			execute:       opAddmod,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasMidStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, -2),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		MULMOD: {
 			execute:       opMulmod,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasMidStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, -2),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		EXP: {
 			execute:       opExp,
 			gasCost:       gasExp,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		SIGNEXTEND: {
 			execute:       opSignExtend,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		LT: {
 			execute:       opLt,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		GT: {
 			execute:       opGt,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		SLT: {
 			execute:       opSlt,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		SGT: {
 			execute:       opSgt,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		EQ: {
 			execute:       opEq,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		ISZERO: {
 			execute:       opIszero,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 0),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		AND: {
 			execute:       opAnd,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		XOR: {
 			execute:       opXor,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		OR: {
 			execute:       opOr,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		NOT: {
 			execute:       opNot,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 0),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		BYTE: {
 			execute:       opByte,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		SHA3: {
 			execute:       opSha3,
 			gasCost:       gasSha3,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 1),
 			memorySize:    memorySha3,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
@@ -207,7 +210,7 @@ func NewJumpTable() [256]operation {
 		BALANCE: {
 			execute:       opBalance,
 			gasCost:       gasBalance,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 0),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		ORIGIN: {
@@ -231,7 +234,7 @@ func NewJumpTable() [256]operation {
 		CALLDATALOAD: {
 			execute:       opCalldataLoad,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasFastestStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 0),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		CALLDATASIZE: {
@@ -243,7 +246,7 @@ func NewJumpTable() [256]operation {
 		CALLDATACOPY: {
 			execute:       opCalldataCopy,
 			gasCost:       gasCalldataCopy,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, -3),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, 0),
 			memorySize:    memoryCalldataCopy,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
@@ -256,7 +259,7 @@ func NewJumpTable() [256]operation {
 		CODECOPY: {
 			execute:       opCodeCopy,
 			gasCost:       gasCodeCopy,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, -3),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, 0),
 			memorySize:    memoryCodeCopy,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
@@ -269,20 +272,20 @@ func NewJumpTable() [256]operation {
 		EXTCODESIZE: {
 			execute:       opExtCodeSize,
 			gasCost:       gasExtCodeSize,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 0),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		EXTCODECOPY: {
 			execute:       opExtCodeCopy,
 			gasCost:       gasExtCodeCopy,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(4, -4),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(4, 0),
 			memorySize:    memoryExtCodeCopy,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		BLOCKHASH: {
 			execute:       opBlockhash,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasExtStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 0),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		COINBASE: {
@@ -318,20 +321,20 @@ func NewJumpTable() [256]operation {
 		POP: {
 			execute:       opPop,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasQuickStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 0),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		MLOAD: {
 			execute:       opMload,
 			gasCost:       gasMLoad,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 0),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 1),
 			memorySize:    memoryMLoad,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		MSTORE: {
 			execute:       opMstore,
 			gasCost:       gasMStore,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -2),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 0),
 			memorySize:    memoryMStore,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
@@ -339,33 +342,33 @@ func NewJumpTable() [256]operation {
 			execute:       opMstore8,
 			gasCost:       gasMStore8,
 			memorySize:    memoryMStore8,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -2),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 0),
 
 			valid: true,
 		},
 		SLOAD: {
 			execute:       opSload,
 			gasCost:       gasSLoad,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 0),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 1),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		SSTORE: {
 			execute:       opSstore,
 			gasCost:       gasSStore,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -2),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 0),
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		JUMP: {
 			execute:       opJump,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasMidStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 0),
 			jumps:         true,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		JUMPI: {
 			execute:       opJumpi,
 			gasCost:       constGasFunc(GasSlowStep),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -2),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 0),
 			jumps:         true,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
@@ -780,63 +783,63 @@ func NewJumpTable() [256]operation {
 		LOG0: {
 			execute:       makeLog(0),
 			gasCost:       makeGasLog(0),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -2),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 0),
 			memorySize:    memoryLog,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		LOG1: {
 			execute:       makeLog(1),
 			gasCost:       makeGasLog(1),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, -3),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, 0),
 			memorySize:    memoryLog,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		LOG2: {
 			execute:       makeLog(2),
 			gasCost:       makeGasLog(2),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(4, -4),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(4, 0),
 			memorySize:    memoryLog,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		LOG3: {
 			execute:       makeLog(3),
 			gasCost:       makeGasLog(3),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(5, -5),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(5, 0),
 			memorySize:    memoryLog,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		LOG4: {
 			execute:       makeLog(4),
 			gasCost:       makeGasLog(4),
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(6, -6),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(6, 0),
 			memorySize:    memoryLog,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		CREATE: {
 			execute:       opCreate,
 			gasCost:       gasCreate,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, -2),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(3, 1),
 			memorySize:    memoryCreate,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		CALL: {
 			execute:       opCall,
 			gasCost:       gasCall,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(7, -6),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(7, 1),
 			memorySize:    memoryCall,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		CALLCODE: {
 			execute:       opCallCode,
 			gasCost:       gasCallCode,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(7, -6),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(7, 1),
 			memorySize:    memoryCall,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		RETURN: {
 			execute:       opReturn,
 			gasCost:       gasReturn,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, -2),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(2, 0),
 			memorySize:    memoryReturn,
 			halts:         true,
 			valid:         true,
@@ -844,14 +847,14 @@ func NewJumpTable() [256]operation {
 		DELEGATECALL: {
 			execute:       opDelegateCall,
 			gasCost:       gasDelegateCall,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(6, -5),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(6, 1),
 			memorySize:    memoryDelegateCall,
 			valid:         true,
 		},
 		SELFDESTRUCT: {
 			execute:       opSuicide,
 			gasCost:       gasSuicide,
-			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, -1),
+			validateStack: makeStackFunc(1, 0),
 			halts:         true,
 			valid:         true,
 		},

core/vm/logger_test.go

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func TestStoreCapture(t *testing.T) {
 		logger   = NewStructLogger(nil)
 		mem      = NewMemory()
 		stack    = newstack()
-		contract = NewContract(&dummyContractRef{}, &dummyContractRef{}, new(big.Int), new(big.Int))
+		contract = NewContract(&dummyContractRef{}, &dummyContractRef{}, new(big.Int), 0)
 	)
 	stack.push(big.NewInt(1))
 	stack.push(big.NewInt(0))
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func TestStorageCapture(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Skip("implementing this function is difficult. it requires all sort of interfaces to be implemented which isn't trivial. The value (the actual test) isn't worth it")
 	var (
 		ref      = &dummyContractRef{}
-		contract = NewContract(ref, ref, new(big.Int), new(big.Int))
+		contract = NewContract(ref, ref, new(big.Int), 0)
 		env      = NewEVM(Context{}, dummyStateDB{ref: ref}, params.TestChainConfig, Config{EnableJit: false, ForceJit: false})
 		logger   = NewStructLogger(nil)
 		mem      = NewMemory()

core/vm/memory.go

@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@ import "fmt"
 // Memory implements a simple memory model for the ethereum virtual machine.
 type Memory struct {
 	store       []byte
+	lastGasCost uint64
 }
 
 func NewMemory() *Memory {
-	return &Memory{nil}
+	return &Memory{}
 }
 
 // Set sets offset + size to value

core/vm/runtime/env.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func NewEnv(cfg *Config, state *state.StateDB) *vm.EVM {
 		BlockNumber: cfg.BlockNumber,
 		Time:        cfg.Time,
 		Difficulty:  cfg.Difficulty,
-		GasLimit:    cfg.GasLimit,
+		GasLimit:    new(big.Int).SetUint64(cfg.GasLimit),
 		GasPrice:    new(big.Int),
 	}
 

core/vm/runtime/runtime.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package runtime
 
 import (
+	"math"
 	"math/big"
 	"time"
 
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	Coinbase    common.Address
 	BlockNumber *big.Int
 	Time        *big.Int
-	GasLimit    *big.Int
+	GasLimit    uint64
 	GasPrice    *big.Int
 	Value       *big.Int
 	DisableJit  bool // "disable" so it's enabled by default
@@ -68,8 +69,8 @@ func setDefaults(cfg *Config) {
 	if cfg.Time == nil {
 		cfg.Time = big.NewInt(time.Now().Unix())
 	}
-	if cfg.GasLimit == nil {
+	if cfg.GasLimit == 0 {
-		cfg.GasLimit = new(big.Int).Set(common.MaxBig)
+		cfg.GasLimit = math.MaxUint64
 	}
 	if cfg.GasPrice == nil {
 		cfg.GasPrice = new(big.Int)
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ func Execute(code, input []byte, cfg *Config) ([]byte, *state.StateDB, error) {
 	receiver.SetCode(crypto.Keccak256Hash(code), code)
 
 	// Call the code with the given configuration.
-	ret, err := vmenv.Call(
+	ret, _, err := vmenv.Call(
 		sender,
 		receiver.Address(),
 		input,
@@ -140,12 +141,13 @@ func Create(input []byte, cfg *Config) ([]byte, common.Address, error) {
 	)
 
 	// Call the code with the given configuration.
-	return vmenv.Create(
+	code, address, _, err := vmenv.Create(
 		sender,
 		input,
 		cfg.GasLimit,
 		cfg.Value,
 	)
+	return code, address, err
 }
 
 // Call executes the code given by the contract's address. It will return the
@@ -160,7 +162,7 @@ func Call(address common.Address, input []byte, cfg *Config) ([]byte, error) {
 
 	sender := cfg.State.GetOrNewStateObject(cfg.Origin)
 	// Call the code with the given configuration.
-	ret, err := vmenv.Call(
+	ret, _, err := vmenv.Call(
 		sender,
 		address,
 		input,

core/vm/runtime/runtime_test.go

@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ func TestDefaults(t *testing.T) {
 	if cfg.Time == nil {
 		t.Error("expected time to be non nil")
 	}
-	if cfg.GasLimit == nil {
+	if cfg.GasLimit == 0 {
-		t.Error("expected time to be non nil")
+		t.Error("didn't expect gaslimit to be zero")
 	}
 	if cfg.GasPrice == nil {
 		t.Error("expected time to be non nil")

core/vm/stack_table.go

@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
-func makeStackFunc(pop, diff int) stackValidationFunc {
+func makeStackFunc(pop, push int) stackValidationFunc {
 	return func(stack *Stack) error {
 		if err := stack.require(pop); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		if int64(stack.len()+diff) > params.StackLimit.Int64() {
+		if stack.len()+push-pop > int(params.StackLimit) {
 			return fmt.Errorf("stack limit reached %d (%d)", stack.len(), params.StackLimit)
 		}
 		return nil
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ func makeStackFunc(pop, diff int) stackValidationFunc {
 }
 
 func makeDupStackFunc(n int) stackValidationFunc {
-	return makeStackFunc(n, 1)
+	return makeStackFunc(n, n+1)
 }
 
 func makeSwapStackFunc(n int) stackValidationFunc {
-	return makeStackFunc(n, 0)
+	return makeStackFunc(n, n)
 }

eth/api_backend.go

@@ -106,14 +106,14 @@ func (b *EthApiBackend) GetTd(blockHash common.Hash) *big.Int {
 	return b.eth.blockchain.GetTdByHash(blockHash)
 }
 
-func (b *EthApiBackend) GetVMEnv(ctx context.Context, msg core.Message, state ethapi.State, header *types.Header) (*vm.EVM, func() error, error) {
+func (b *EthApiBackend) GetEVM(ctx context.Context, msg core.Message, state ethapi.State, header *types.Header, vmCfg vm.Config) (*vm.EVM, func() error, error) {
 	statedb := state.(EthApiState).state
 	from := statedb.GetOrNewStateObject(msg.From())
 	from.SetBalance(common.MaxBig)
 	vmError := func() error { return nil }
 
 	context := core.NewEVMContext(msg, header, b.eth.BlockChain())
-	return vm.NewEVM(context, statedb, b.eth.chainConfig, vm.Config{}), vmError, nil
+	return vm.NewEVM(context, statedb, b.eth.chainConfig, vmCfg), vmError, nil
 }
 
 func (b *EthApiBackend) SendTx(ctx context.Context, signedTx *types.Transaction) error {

eth/bind.go

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func (b *ContractBackend) PendingCodeAt(ctx context.Context, contract common.Add
 // against the pending block, not the stable head of the chain.
 func (b *ContractBackend) CallContract(ctx context.Context, msg ethereum.CallMsg, blockNum *big.Int) ([]byte, error) {
 	out, err := b.bcapi.Call(ctx, toCallArgs(msg), toBlockNumber(blockNum))
-	return common.FromHex(out), err
+	return out, err
 }
 
 // ContractCall implements bind.ContractCaller executing an Ethereum contract
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func (b *ContractBackend) CallContract(ctx context.Context, msg ethereum.CallMsg
 // against the pending block, not the stable head of the chain.
 func (b *ContractBackend) PendingCallContract(ctx context.Context, msg ethereum.CallMsg) ([]byte, error) {
 	out, err := b.bcapi.Call(ctx, toCallArgs(msg), rpc.PendingBlockNumber)
-	return common.FromHex(out), err
+	return out, err
 }
 
 func toCallArgs(msg ethereum.CallMsg) ethapi.CallArgs {

eth/downloader/downloader.go

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ var (
 	MaxReceiptFetch = 256 // Amount of transaction receipts to allow fetching per request
 	MaxStateFetch   = 384 // Amount of node state values to allow fetching per request
 
-	MaxForkAncestry  = 3 * params.EpochDuration.Uint64() // Maximum chain reorganisation
+	MaxForkAncestry  = 3 * params.EpochDuration // Maximum chain reorganisation
 	rttMinEstimate   = 2 * time.Second          // Minimum round-trip time to target for download requests
 	rttMaxEstimate   = 20 * time.Second         // Maximum rount-trip time to target for download requests
 	rttMinConfidence = 0.1                      // Worse confidence factor in our estimated RTT value

eth/downloader/downloader_test.go

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func (dl *downloadTester) makeChain(n int, seed byte, parent *types.Block, paren
 		// If the block number is multiple of 3, send a bonus transaction to the miner
 		if parent == dl.genesis && i%3 == 0 {
 			signer := types.MakeSigner(params.TestChainConfig, block.Number())
-			tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testAddress), common.Address{seed}, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, testKey)
+			tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testAddress), common.Address{seed}, big.NewInt(1000), new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.TxGas), nil, nil), signer, testKey)
 			if err != nil {
 				panic(err)
 			}

eth/fetcher/fetcher_test.go

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func makeChain(n int, seed byte, parent *types.Block) ([]common.Hash, map[common
 		// If the block number is multiple of 3, send a bonus transaction to the miner
 		if parent == genesis && i%3 == 0 {
 			signer := types.MakeSigner(params.TestChainConfig, block.Number())
-			tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testAddress), common.Address{seed}, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, testKey)
+			tx, err := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testAddress), common.Address{seed}, big.NewInt(1000), new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.TxGas), nil, nil), signer, testKey)
 			if err != nil {
 				panic(err)
 			}

eth/handler_test.go

@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
+var bigTxGas = new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.TxGas)
+
 // Tests that protocol versions and modes of operations are matched up properly.
 func TestProtocolCompatibility(t *testing.T) {
 	// Define the compatibility chart
@@ -312,13 +314,13 @@ func testGetNodeData(t *testing.T, protocol int) {
 		switch i {
 		case 0:
 			// In block 1, the test bank sends account #1 some ether.
-			tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBank.Address), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(10000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
+			tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBank.Address), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(10000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
 			block.AddTx(tx)
 		case 1:
 			// In block 2, the test bank sends some more ether to account #1.
 			// acc1Addr passes it on to account #2.
-			tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBank.Address), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
+			tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBank.Address), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
-			tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(acc1Addr), acc2Addr, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, acc1Key)
+			tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(acc1Addr), acc2Addr, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, acc1Key)
 			block.AddTx(tx1)
 			block.AddTx(tx2)
 		case 2:
@@ -404,13 +406,13 @@ func testGetReceipt(t *testing.T, protocol int) {
 		switch i {
 		case 0:
 			// In block 1, the test bank sends account #1 some ether.
-			tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBank.Address), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(10000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
+			tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBank.Address), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(10000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
 			block.AddTx(tx)
 		case 1:
 			// In block 2, the test bank sends some more ether to account #1.
 			// acc1Addr passes it on to account #2.
-			tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBank.Address), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
+			tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBank.Address), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
-			tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(acc1Addr), acc2Addr, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, acc1Key)
+			tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(acc1Addr), acc2Addr, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, acc1Key)
 			block.AddTx(tx1)
 			block.AddTx(tx2)
 		case 2:

internal/ethapi/api.go

@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ import (
 
 const defaultGas = 90000
 
+var emptyHex = "0x"
+
 // PublicEthereumAPI provides an API to access Ethereum related information.
 // It offers only methods that operate on public data that is freely available to anyone.
 type PublicEthereumAPI struct {
@@ -574,12 +576,12 @@ type CallArgs struct {
 	Data     hexutil.Bytes   `json:"data"`
 }
 
-func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) doCall(ctx context.Context, args CallArgs, blockNr rpc.BlockNumber) (string, *big.Int, error) {
+func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) doCall(ctx context.Context, args CallArgs, blockNr rpc.BlockNumber, vmCfg vm.Config) ([]byte, *big.Int, error) {
 	defer func(start time.Time) { glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("call took %v", time.Since(start)) }(time.Now())
 
 	state, header, err := s.b.StateAndHeaderByNumber(ctx, blockNr)
 	if state == nil || err != nil {
-		return "0x", common.Big0, err
+		return nil, common.Big0, err
 	}
 	// Set sender address or use a default if none specified
 	addr := args.From
@@ -589,40 +591,60 @@ func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) doCall(ctx context.Context, args CallArgs, blockNr
 				addr = accounts[0].Address
 			}
 		}
-	} else {
-		addr = args.From
 	}
 	// Set default gas & gas price if none were set
 	gas, gasPrice := args.Gas.ToInt(), args.GasPrice.ToInt()
-	if gas.Cmp(common.Big0) == 0 {
+	if gas.BitLen() == 0 {
 		gas = big.NewInt(50000000)
 	}
-	if gasPrice.Cmp(common.Big0) == 0 {
+	if gasPrice.BitLen() == 0 {
 		gasPrice = new(big.Int).Mul(big.NewInt(50), common.Shannon)
 	}
+
+	// Create new call message
 	msg := types.NewMessage(addr, args.To, 0, args.Value.ToInt(), gas, gasPrice, args.Data, false)
 
-	// Execute the call and return
+	// Setup context so it may be cancelled the call has completed
-	vmenv, vmError, err := s.b.GetVMEnv(ctx, msg, state, header)
+	// or, in case of unmetered gas, setup a context with a timeout.
+	var cancel context.CancelFunc
+	if vmCfg.DisableGasMetering {
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Second*5)
+	} else {
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	}
+	// Make sure the context is cancelled when the call has completed
+	// this makes sure resources are cleaned up.
+	defer func() { cancel() }()
+
+	// Get a new instance of the EVM.
+	evm, vmError, err := s.b.GetEVM(ctx, msg, state, header, vmCfg)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "0x", common.Big0, err
+		return nil, common.Big0, err
 	}
+	// Wait for the context to be done and cancel the evm. Even if the
+	// EVM has finished, cancelling may be done (repeatedly)
+	go func() {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			evm.Cancel()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Setup the gas pool (also for unmetered requests)
+	// and apply the message.
 	gp := new(core.GasPool).AddGas(common.MaxBig)
-	res, gas, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, gp)
+	res, gas, err := core.ApplyMessage(evm, msg, gp)
 	if err := vmError(); err != nil {
-		return "0x", common.Big0, err
+		return nil, common.Big0, err
 	}
-	if len(res) == 0 { // backwards compatibility
+	return res, gas, err
-		return "0x", gas, err
-	}
-	return common.ToHex(res), gas, err
 }
 
 // Call executes the given transaction on the state for the given block number.
 // It doesn't make and changes in the state/blockchain and is useful to execute and retrieve values.
-func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) Call(ctx context.Context, args CallArgs, blockNr rpc.BlockNumber) (string, error) {
+func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) Call(ctx context.Context, args CallArgs, blockNr rpc.BlockNumber) (hexutil.Bytes, error) {
-	result, _, err := s.doCall(ctx, args, blockNr)
+	result, _, err := s.doCall(ctx, args, blockNr, vm.Config{DisableGasMetering: true})
-	return result, err
+	return (hexutil.Bytes)(result), err
 }
 
 // EstimateGas returns an estimate of the amount of gas needed to execute the given transaction.
@@ -644,7 +666,7 @@ func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, args CallArgs) (*
 		mid := (hi + lo) / 2
 		(*big.Int)(&args.Gas).SetUint64(mid)
 
-		_, gas, err := s.doCall(ctx, args, rpc.PendingBlockNumber)
+		_, gas, err := s.doCall(ctx, args, rpc.PendingBlockNumber, vm.Config{})
 
 		// If the transaction became invalid or used all the gas (failed), raise the gas limit
 		if err != nil || gas.Cmp((*big.Int)(&args.Gas)) == 0 {

internal/ethapi/backend.go

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ type Backend interface {
 	GetBlock(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash) (*types.Block, error)
 	GetReceipts(ctx context.Context, blockHash common.Hash) (types.Receipts, error)
 	GetTd(blockHash common.Hash) *big.Int
-	GetVMEnv(ctx context.Context, msg core.Message, state State, header *types.Header) (*vm.EVM, func() error, error)
+	GetEVM(ctx context.Context, msg core.Message, state State, header *types.Header, vmCfg vm.Config) (*vm.EVM, func() error, error)
 	// TxPool API
 	SendTx(ctx context.Context, signedTx *types.Transaction) error
 	RemoveTx(txHash common.Hash)

internal/ethapi/tracer_test.go

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func (account) ForEachStorage(cb func(key, value common.Hash) bool) {}
 func runTrace(tracer *JavascriptTracer) (interface{}, error) {
 	env := vm.NewEVM(vm.Context{}, nil, params.TestChainConfig, vm.Config{Debug: true, Tracer: tracer})
 
-	contract := vm.NewContract(account{}, account{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(10000))
+	contract := vm.NewContract(account{}, account{}, big.NewInt(0), 10000)
 	contract.Code = []byte{byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x1, byte(vm.PUSH1), 0x1, 0x0}
 
 	_, err := env.Interpreter().Run(contract, []byte{})
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ func TestHaltBetweenSteps(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	env := vm.NewEVM(vm.Context{}, nil, params.TestChainConfig, vm.Config{Debug: true, Tracer: tracer})
-	contract := vm.NewContract(&account{}, &account{}, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0))
+	contract := vm.NewContract(&account{}, &account{}, big.NewInt(0), 0)
 
 	tracer.CaptureState(env, 0, 0, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(0), nil, nil, contract, 0, nil)
 	timeout := errors.New("stahp")

les/api_backend.go

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func (b *LesApiBackend) GetTd(blockHash common.Hash) *big.Int {
 	return b.eth.blockchain.GetTdByHash(blockHash)
 }
 
-func (b *LesApiBackend) GetVMEnv(ctx context.Context, msg core.Message, state ethapi.State, header *types.Header) (*vm.EVM, func() error, error) {
+func (b *LesApiBackend) GetEVM(ctx context.Context, msg core.Message, state ethapi.State, header *types.Header, vmCfg vm.Config) (*vm.EVM, func() error, error) {
 	stateDb := state.(*light.LightState).Copy()
 	addr := msg.From()
 	from, err := stateDb.GetOrNewStateObject(ctx, addr)
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func (b *LesApiBackend) GetVMEnv(ctx context.Context, msg core.Message, state et
 
 	vmstate := light.NewVMState(ctx, stateDb)
 	context := core.NewEVMContext(msg, header, b.eth.blockchain)
-	return vm.NewEVM(context, vmstate, b.eth.chainConfig, vm.Config{}), vmstate.Error, nil
+	return vm.NewEVM(context, vmstate, b.eth.chainConfig, vmCfg), vmstate.Error, nil
 }
 
 func (b *LesApiBackend) SendTx(ctx context.Context, signedTx *types.Transaction) error {

les/helper_test.go

@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ var (
 	testContractDeployed     = uint64(2)
 
 	testBufLimit = uint64(100)
+
+	bigTxGas = new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.TxGas)
 )
 
 /*
@@ -80,15 +82,15 @@ func testChainGen(i int, block *core.BlockGen) {
 	switch i {
 	case 0:
 		// In block 1, the test bank sends account #1 some ether.
-		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBankAddress), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(10000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
+		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBankAddress), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(10000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
 		block.AddTx(tx)
 	case 1:
 		// In block 2, the test bank sends some more ether to account #1.
 		// acc1Addr passes it on to account #2.
 		// acc1Addr creates a test contract.
-		tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBankAddress), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
+		tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBankAddress), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
 		nonce := block.TxNonce(acc1Addr)
-		tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(nonce, acc2Addr, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, acc1Key)
+		tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(nonce, acc2Addr, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, acc1Key)
 		nonce++
 		tx3, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(nonce, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(200000), big.NewInt(0), testContractCode), signer, acc1Key)
 		testContractAddr = crypto.CreateAddress(acc1Addr, nonce)

light/odr_test.go

@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ var (
 
 	testContractCode = common.Hex2Bytes("606060405260cc8060106000396000f360606040526000357c01000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000009004806360cd2685146041578063c16431b914606b57603f565b005b6055600480803590602001909190505060a9565b6040518082815260200191505060405180910390f35b60886004808035906020019091908035906020019091905050608a565b005b80600060005083606481101560025790900160005b50819055505b5050565b6000600060005082606481101560025790900160005b5054905060c7565b91905056")
 	testContractAddr common.Address
+
+	bigTxGas = new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.TxGas)
 )
 
 type testOdr struct {
@@ -205,15 +207,15 @@ func testChainGen(i int, block *core.BlockGen) {
 	switch i {
 	case 0:
 		// In block 1, the test bank sends account #1 some ether.
-		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBankAddress), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(10000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
+		tx, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBankAddress), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(10000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
 		block.AddTx(tx)
 	case 1:
 		// In block 2, the test bank sends some more ether to account #1.
 		// acc1Addr passes it on to account #2.
 		// acc1Addr creates a test contract.
-		tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBankAddress), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
+		tx1, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(block.TxNonce(testBankAddress), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, testBankKey)
 		nonce := block.TxNonce(acc1Addr)
-		tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(nonce, acc2Addr, big.NewInt(1000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), signer, acc1Key)
+		tx2, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(nonce, acc2Addr, big.NewInt(1000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), signer, acc1Key)
 		nonce++
 		tx3, _ := types.SignTx(types.NewContractCreation(nonce, big.NewInt(0), big.NewInt(1000000), big.NewInt(0), testContractCode), signer, acc1Key)
 		testContractAddr = crypto.CreateAddress(acc1Addr, nonce)

light/txpool_test.go

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func txPoolTestChainGen(i int, block *core.BlockGen) {
 
 func TestTxPool(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := range testTx {
-		testTx[i], _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(10000), params.TxGas, nil, nil), types.HomesteadSigner{}, testBankKey)
+		testTx[i], _ = types.SignTx(types.NewTransaction(uint64(i), acc1Addr, big.NewInt(10000), bigTxGas, nil, nil), types.HomesteadSigner{}, testBankKey)
 	}
 
 	var (

miner/miner.go

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ func (self *Miner) HashRate() (tot int64) {
 }
 
 func (self *Miner) SetExtra(extra []byte) error {
-	if uint64(len(extra)) > params.MaximumExtraDataSize.Uint64() {
+	if uint64(len(extra)) > params.MaximumExtraDataSize {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Extra exceeds max length. %d > %v", len(extra), params.MaximumExtraDataSize)
 	}
 	self.worker.setExtra(extra)

params/gas_table.go

@@ -16,41 +16,35 @@
 
 package params
 
-import "math/big"
-
 type GasTable struct {
-	ExtcodeSize *big.Int
+	ExtcodeSize uint64
-	ExtcodeCopy *big.Int
+	ExtcodeCopy uint64
-	Balance     *big.Int
+	Balance     uint64
-	SLoad       *big.Int
+	SLoad       uint64
-	Calls       *big.Int
+	Calls       uint64
-	Suicide     *big.Int
+	Suicide     uint64
 
-	ExpByte *big.Int
+	ExpByte uint64
 
 	// CreateBySuicide occurs when the
 	// refunded account is one that does
 	// not exist. This logic is similar
 	// to call. May be left nil. Nil means
 	// not charged.
-	CreateBySuicide *big.Int
+	CreateBySuicide uint64
 }
 
 var (
 	// GasTableHomestead contain the gas prices for
 	// the homestead phase.
 	GasTableHomestead = GasTable{
-		ExtcodeSize: big.NewInt(20),
+		ExtcodeSize: 20,
-		ExtcodeCopy: big.NewInt(20),
+		ExtcodeCopy: 20,
-		Balance:     big.NewInt(20),
+		Balance:     20,
-		SLoad:       big.NewInt(50),
+		SLoad:       50,
-		Calls:       big.NewInt(40),
+		Calls:       40,
-		Suicide:     big.NewInt(0),
+		Suicide:     0,
-		ExpByte:     big.NewInt(10),
+		ExpByte:     10,
-
-		// explicitly set to nil to indicate
-		// this rule does not apply to homestead.
-		CreateBySuicide: nil,
 	}
 
 	// GasTableHomestead contain the gas re-prices for
@@ -58,26 +52,26 @@ var (
 	//
 	// TODO rename to GasTableEIP150
 	GasTableHomesteadGasRepriceFork = GasTable{
-		ExtcodeSize: big.NewInt(700),
+		ExtcodeSize: 700,
-		ExtcodeCopy: big.NewInt(700),
+		ExtcodeCopy: 700,
-		Balance:     big.NewInt(400),
+		Balance:     400,
-		SLoad:       big.NewInt(200),
+		SLoad:       200,
-		Calls:       big.NewInt(700),
+		Calls:       700,
-		Suicide:     big.NewInt(5000),
+		Suicide:     5000,
-		ExpByte:     big.NewInt(10),
+		ExpByte:     10,
 
-		CreateBySuicide: big.NewInt(25000),
+		CreateBySuicide: 25000,
 	}
 
 	GasTableEIP158 = GasTable{
-		ExtcodeSize: big.NewInt(700),
+		ExtcodeSize: 700,
-		ExtcodeCopy: big.NewInt(700),
+		ExtcodeCopy: 700,
-		Balance:     big.NewInt(400),
+		Balance:     400,
-		SLoad:       big.NewInt(200),
+		SLoad:       200,
-		Calls:       big.NewInt(700),
+		Calls:       700,
-		Suicide:     big.NewInt(5000),
+		Suicide:     5000,
-		ExpByte:     big.NewInt(50),
+		ExpByte:     50,
 
-		CreateBySuicide: big.NewInt(25000),
+		CreateBySuicide: 25000,
 	}
 )

params/protocol_params.go

@@ -18,56 +18,58 @@ package params
 
 import "math/big"
 
-var (
+const (
-	MaximumExtraDataSize   = big.NewInt(32)     // Maximum size extra data may be after Genesis.
+	MaximumExtraDataSize  uint64 = 32    // Maximum size extra data may be after Genesis.
-	ExpByteGas             = big.NewInt(10)     // Times ceil(log256(exponent)) for the EXP instruction.
+	ExpByteGas            uint64 = 10    // Times ceil(log256(exponent)) for the EXP instruction.
-	SloadGas               = big.NewInt(50)     // Multiplied by the number of 32-byte words that are copied (round up) for any *COPY operation and added.
+	SloadGas              uint64 = 50    // Multiplied by the number of 32-byte words that are copied (round up) for any *COPY operation and added.
-	CallValueTransferGas   = big.NewInt(9000)   // Paid for CALL when the value transfer is non-zero.
+	CallValueTransferGas  uint64 = 9000  // Paid for CALL when the value transfer is non-zero.
-	CallNewAccountGas      = big.NewInt(25000)  // Paid for CALL when the destination address didn't exist prior.
+	CallNewAccountGas     uint64 = 25000 // Paid for CALL when the destination address didn't exist prior.
-	TxGas                  = big.NewInt(21000)  // Per transaction not creating a contract. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
+	TxGas                 uint64 = 21000 // Per transaction not creating a contract. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
-	TxGasContractCreation  = big.NewInt(53000)  // Per transaction that creates a contract. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
+	TxGasContractCreation uint64 = 53000 // Per transaction that creates a contract. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
-	TxDataZeroGas          = big.NewInt(4)      // Per byte of data attached to a transaction that equals zero. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
+	TxDataZeroGas         uint64 = 4     // Per byte of data attached to a transaction that equals zero. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
-	DifficultyBoundDivisor = big.NewInt(2048)   // The bound divisor of the difficulty, used in the update calculations.
+	QuadCoeffDiv          uint64 = 512   // Divisor for the quadratic particle of the memory cost equation.
-	QuadCoeffDiv           = big.NewInt(512)    // Divisor for the quadratic particle of the memory cost equation.
+	SstoreSetGas          uint64 = 20000 // Once per SLOAD operation.
-	GenesisDifficulty      = big.NewInt(131072) // Difficulty of the Genesis block.
+	LogDataGas            uint64 = 8     // Per byte in a LOG* operation's data.
-	DurationLimit          = big.NewInt(13)     // The decision boundary on the blocktime duration used to determine whether difficulty should go up or not.
+	CallStipend           uint64 = 2300  // Free gas given at beginning of call.
-	SstoreSetGas           = big.NewInt(20000)  // Once per SLOAD operation.
+	EcrecoverGas          uint64 = 3000  //
-	LogDataGas             = big.NewInt(8)      // Per byte in a LOG* operation's data.
+	Sha256WordGas         uint64 = 12    //
-	CallStipend            = big.NewInt(2300)   // Free gas given at beginning of call.
-	EcrecoverGas           = big.NewInt(3000)   //
-	Sha256WordGas          = big.NewInt(12)     //
 
-	MinGasLimit     = big.NewInt(5000)                  // Minimum the gas limit may ever be.
+	Sha3Gas          uint64 = 30    // Once per SHA3 operation.
-	GenesisGasLimit = big.NewInt(4712388)               // Gas limit of the Genesis block.
+	Sha256Gas        uint64 = 60    //
-	TargetGasLimit  = new(big.Int).Set(GenesisGasLimit) // The artificial target
+	IdentityWordGas  uint64 = 3     //
-
+	Sha3WordGas      uint64 = 6     // Once per word of the SHA3 operation's data.
-	Sha3Gas              = big.NewInt(30)     // Once per SHA3 operation.
+	SstoreResetGas   uint64 = 5000  // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes from zero.
-	Sha256Gas            = big.NewInt(60)     //
+	SstoreClearGas   uint64 = 5000  // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness doesn't change.
-	IdentityWordGas      = big.NewInt(3)      //
+	SstoreRefundGas  uint64 = 15000 // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes to zero.
-	Sha3WordGas          = big.NewInt(6)      // Once per word of the SHA3 operation's data.
+	JumpdestGas      uint64 = 1     // Refunded gas, once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes to zero.
-	SstoreResetGas       = big.NewInt(5000)   // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes from zero.
+	IdentityGas      uint64 = 15    //
-	SstoreClearGas       = big.NewInt(5000)   // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness doesn't change.
+	EpochDuration    uint64 = 30000 // Duration between proof-of-work epochs.
-	SstoreRefundGas      = big.NewInt(15000)  // Once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes to zero.
+	CallGas          uint64 = 40    // Once per CALL operation & message call transaction.
-	JumpdestGas          = big.NewInt(1)      // Refunded gas, once per SSTORE operation if the zeroness changes to zero.
+	CreateDataGas    uint64 = 200   //
-	IdentityGas          = big.NewInt(15)     //
+	Ripemd160Gas     uint64 = 600   //
-	GasLimitBoundDivisor = big.NewInt(1024)   // The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations.
+	Ripemd160WordGas uint64 = 120   //
-	EpochDuration        = big.NewInt(30000)  // Duration between proof-of-work epochs.
+	CallCreateDepth  uint64 = 1024  // Maximum depth of call/create stack.
-	CallGas              = big.NewInt(40)     // Once per CALL operation & message call transaction.
+	ExpGas           uint64 = 10    // Once per EXP instruction
-	CreateDataGas        = big.NewInt(200)    //
+	LogGas           uint64 = 375   // Per LOG* operation.
-	Ripemd160Gas         = big.NewInt(600)    //
+	CopyGas          uint64 = 3     //
-	Ripemd160WordGas     = big.NewInt(120)    //
+	StackLimit       uint64 = 1024  // Maximum size of VM stack allowed.
-	MinimumDifficulty    = big.NewInt(131072) // The minimum that the difficulty may ever be.
+	TierStepGas      uint64 = 0     // Once per operation, for a selection of them.
-	CallCreateDepth      = big.NewInt(1024)   // Maximum depth of call/create stack.
+	LogTopicGas      uint64 = 375   // Multiplied by the * of the LOG*, per LOG transaction. e.g. LOG0 incurs 0 * c_txLogTopicGas, LOG4 incurs 4 * c_txLogTopicGas.
-	ExpGas               = big.NewInt(10)     // Once per EXP instruction.
+	CreateGas        uint64 = 32000 // Once per CREATE operation & contract-creation transaction.
-	LogGas               = big.NewInt(375)    // Per LOG* operation.
+	SuicideRefundGas uint64 = 24000 // Refunded following a suicide operation.
-	CopyGas              = big.NewInt(3)      //
+	MemoryGas        uint64 = 3     // Times the address of the (highest referenced byte in memory + 1). NOTE: referencing happens on read, write and in instructions such as RETURN and CALL.
-	StackLimit           = big.NewInt(1024)   // Maximum size of VM stack allowed.
+	TxDataNonZeroGas uint64 = 68    // Per byte of data attached to a transaction that is not equal to zero. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
-	TierStepGas          = big.NewInt(0)      // Once per operation, for a selection of them.
-	LogTopicGas          = big.NewInt(375)    // Multiplied by the * of the LOG*, per LOG transaction. e.g. LOG0 incurs 0 * c_txLogTopicGas, LOG4 incurs 4 * c_txLogTopicGas.
-	CreateGas            = big.NewInt(32000)  // Once per CREATE operation & contract-creation transaction.
-	SuicideRefundGas     = big.NewInt(24000)  // Refunded following a suicide operation.
-	MemoryGas            = big.NewInt(3)      // Times the address of the (highest referenced byte in memory + 1). NOTE: referencing happens on read, write and in instructions such as RETURN and CALL.
-	TxDataNonZeroGas     = big.NewInt(68)     // Per byte of data attached to a transaction that is not equal to zero. NOTE: Not payable on data of calls between transactions.
 
 	MaxCodeSize = 24576
 )
+
+var (
+	GasLimitBoundDivisor   = big.NewInt(1024)                  // The bound divisor of the gas limit, used in update calculations.
+	MinGasLimit            = big.NewInt(5000)                  // Minimum the gas limit may ever be.
+	GenesisGasLimit        = big.NewInt(4712388)               // Gas limit of the Genesis block.
+	TargetGasLimit         = new(big.Int).Set(GenesisGasLimit) // The artificial target
+	DifficultyBoundDivisor = big.NewInt(2048)                  // The bound divisor of the difficulty, used in the update calculations.
+	GenesisDifficulty      = big.NewInt(131072)                // Difficulty of the Genesis block.
+	MinimumDifficulty      = big.NewInt(131072)                // The minimum that the difficulty may ever be.
+	DurationLimit          = big.NewInt(13)                    // The decision boundary on the blocktime duration used to determine whether difficulty should go up or not.
+)

tests/block_test_util.go

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ func runBlockTests(homesteadBlock, daoForkBlock, gasPriceFork *big.Int, bt map[s
 	}
 
 	for name, test := range bt {
-		if skipTest[name] {
+		if skipTest[name] /*|| name != "CallingCanonicalContractFromFork_CALLCODE"*/ {
 			glog.Infoln("Skipping block test", name)
 			continue
 		}

tests/state_test_util.go

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func runStateTests(chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, tests map[string]VmTest, ski
 	}
 
 	for name, test := range tests {
-		if skipTest[name] {
+		if skipTest[name] /*|| name != "JUMPDEST_Attack"*/ {
 			glog.Infoln("Skipping state test", name)
 			continue
 		}

tests/vm_test_util.go

@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func runVmTests(tests map[string]VmTest, skipTests []string) error {
 	}
 
 	for name, test := range tests {
-		if skipTest[name] /*|| name != "loop_stacklimit_1021"*/ {
+		if skipTest[name] /*|| name != "exp0"*/ {
 			glog.Infoln("Skipping VM test", name)
 			continue
 		}
@@ -229,6 +229,6 @@ func RunVm(statedb *state.StateDB, env, exec map[string]string) ([]byte, []*type
 	vm.PrecompiledContracts = make(map[common.Address]vm.PrecompiledContract)
 
 	environment, _ := NewEVMEnvironment(true, chainConfig, statedb, env, exec)
-	ret, err := environment.Call(caller, to, data, gas, value)
+	ret, g, err := environment.Call(caller, to, data, gas.Uint64(), value)
-	return ret, statedb.Logs(), gas, err
+	return ret, statedb.Logs(), new(big.Int).SetUint64(g), err
 }