diff --git a/accounts/abi/abi.go b/accounts/abi/abi.go index b9a34a77a..6bbc01800 100644 --- a/accounts/abi/abi.go +++ b/accounts/abi/abi.go @@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import ( "io" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common" + "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto" ) // The ABI holds information about a contract's context and available @@ -234,3 +235,25 @@ func (abi *ABI) HasFallback() bool { func (abi *ABI) HasReceive() bool { return abi.Receive.Type == Receive } + +// revertSelector is a special function selector for revert reason unpacking. +var revertSelector = crypto.Keccak256([]byte("Error(string)"))[:4] + +// UnpackRevert resolves the abi-encoded revert reason. According to the solidity +// spec https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/control-structures.html#revert, +// the provided revert reason is abi-encoded as if it were a call to a function +// `Error(string)`. So it's a special tool for it. +func UnpackRevert(data []byte) (string, error) { + if len(data) < 4 { + return "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking") + } + if !bytes.Equal(data[:4], revertSelector) { + return "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking") + } + var reason string + typ, _ := NewType("string", "", nil) + if err := (Arguments{{Type: typ}}).Unpack(&reason, data[4:]); err != nil { + return "", err + } + return reason, nil +} diff --git a/accounts/abi/abi_test.go b/accounts/abi/abi_test.go index 509040e5d..770116836 100644 --- a/accounts/abi/abi_test.go +++ b/accounts/abi/abi_test.go @@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package abi import ( "bytes" "encoding/hex" + "errors" "fmt" "math/big" "reflect" @@ -1070,3 +1071,34 @@ func TestUnnamedEventParam(t *testing.T) { t.Fatalf("Could not find input") } } + +func TestUnpackRevert(t *testing.T) { + t.Parallel() + + var cases = []struct { + input string + expect string + expectErr error + }{ + {"", "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking")}, + {"08c379a1", "", errors.New("invalid data for unpacking")}, + {"08c379a00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000d72657665727420726561736f6e00000000000000000000000000000000000000", "revert reason", nil}, + } + for index, c := range cases { + t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("case %d", index), func(t *testing.T) { + got, err := UnpackRevert(common.Hex2Bytes(c.input)) + if c.expectErr != nil { + if err == nil { + t.Fatalf("Expected non-nil error") + } + if err.Error() != c.expectErr.Error() { + t.Fatalf("Expected error mismatch, want %v, got %v", c.expectErr, err) + } + return + } + if c.expect != got { + t.Fatalf("Output mismatch, want %v, got %v", c.expect, got) + } + }) + } +} diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/backends/simulated.go b/accounts/abi/bind/backends/simulated.go index 2dbc59356..83d0db05b 100644 --- a/accounts/abi/bind/backends/simulated.go +++ b/accounts/abi/bind/backends/simulated.go @@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import ( "time" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum" + "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi/bind" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math" @@ -49,7 +50,6 @@ var ( errBlockNumberUnsupported = errors.New("simulatedBackend cannot access blocks other than the latest block") errBlockDoesNotExist = errors.New("block does not exist in blockchain") errTransactionDoesNotExist = errors.New("transaction does not exist") - errGasEstimationFailed = errors.New("gas required exceeds allowance or always failing transaction") ) // SimulatedBackend implements bind.ContractBackend, simulating a blockchain in @@ -349,8 +349,11 @@ func (b *SimulatedBackend) CallContract(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallM if err != nil { return nil, err } - rval, _, _, err := b.callContract(ctx, call, b.blockchain.CurrentBlock(), state) - return rval, err + res, err := b.callContract(ctx, call, b.blockchain.CurrentBlock(), state) + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + return res.Return(), nil } // PendingCallContract executes a contract call on the pending state. @@ -359,8 +362,11 @@ func (b *SimulatedBackend) PendingCallContract(ctx context.Context, call ethereu defer b.mu.Unlock() defer b.pendingState.RevertToSnapshot(b.pendingState.Snapshot()) - rval, _, _, err := b.callContract(ctx, call, b.pendingBlock, b.pendingState) - return rval, err + res, err := b.callContract(ctx, call, b.pendingBlock, b.pendingState) + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + return res.Return(), nil } // PendingNonceAt implements PendingStateReader.PendingNonceAt, retrieving @@ -398,22 +404,33 @@ func (b *SimulatedBackend) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMs cap = hi // Create a helper to check if a gas allowance results in an executable transaction - executable := func(gas uint64) bool { + executable := func(gas uint64) (bool, *core.ExecutionResult, error) { call.Gas = gas snapshot := b.pendingState.Snapshot() - _, _, failed, err := b.callContract(ctx, call, b.pendingBlock, b.pendingState) + res, err := b.callContract(ctx, call, b.pendingBlock, b.pendingState) b.pendingState.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot) - if err != nil || failed { - return false + if err != nil { + if err == core.ErrIntrinsicGas { + return true, nil, nil // Special case, raise gas limit + } + return true, nil, err // Bail out } - return true + return res.Failed(), res, nil } // Execute the binary search and hone in on an executable gas limit for lo+1 < hi { mid := (hi + lo) / 2 - if !executable(mid) { + failed, _, err := executable(mid) + + // If the error is not nil(consensus error), it means the provided message + // call or transaction will never be accepted no matter how much gas it is + // assigned. Return the error directly, don't struggle any more + if err != nil { + return 0, err + } + if failed { lo = mid } else { hi = mid @@ -421,8 +438,25 @@ func (b *SimulatedBackend) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMs } // Reject the transaction as invalid if it still fails at the highest allowance if hi == cap { - if !executable(hi) { - return 0, errGasEstimationFailed + failed, result, err := executable(hi) + if err != nil { + return 0, err + } + if failed { + if result != nil && result.Err != vm.ErrOutOfGas { + errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("always failing transaction (%v)", result.Err) + if len(result.Revert()) > 0 { + ret, err := abi.UnpackRevert(result.Revert()) + if err != nil { + errMsg += fmt.Sprintf(" (%#x)", result.Revert()) + } else { + errMsg += fmt.Sprintf(" (%s)", ret) + } + } + return 0, errors.New(errMsg) + } + // Otherwise, the specified gas cap is too low + return 0, fmt.Errorf("gas required exceeds allowance (%d)", cap) } } return hi, nil @@ -430,7 +464,7 @@ func (b *SimulatedBackend) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMs // callContract implements common code between normal and pending contract calls. // state is modified during execution, make sure to copy it if necessary. -func (b *SimulatedBackend) callContract(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg, block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB) ([]byte, uint64, bool, error) { +func (b *SimulatedBackend) callContract(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMsg, block *types.Block, statedb *state.StateDB) (*core.ExecutionResult, error) { // Ensure message is initialized properly. if call.GasPrice == nil { call.GasPrice = big.NewInt(1) diff --git a/accounts/abi/bind/backends/simulated_test.go b/accounts/abi/bind/backends/simulated_test.go index 455d89c1e..a28f99aea 100644 --- a/accounts/abi/bind/backends/simulated_test.go +++ b/accounts/abi/bind/backends/simulated_test.go @@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ package backends import ( "bytes" "context" + "errors" "math/big" "strings" "testing" @@ -356,25 +357,112 @@ func TestSimulatedBackend_TransactionByHash(t *testing.T) { } func TestSimulatedBackend_EstimateGas(t *testing.T) { - sim := NewSimulatedBackend( - core.GenesisAlloc{}, 10000000, - ) + /* + pragma solidity ^0.6.4; + contract GasEstimation { + function PureRevert() public { revert(); } + function Revert() public { revert("revert reason");} + function OOG() public { for (uint i = 0; ; i++) {}} + function Assert() public { assert(false);} + function Valid() public {} + }*/ + const contractAbi = "[{\"inputs\":[],\"name\":\"Assert\",\"outputs\":[],\"stateMutability\":\"nonpayable\",\"type\":\"function\"},{\"inputs\":[],\"name\":\"OOG\",\"outputs\":[],\"stateMutability\":\"nonpayable\",\"type\":\"function\"},{\"inputs\":[],\"name\":\"PureRevert\",\"outputs\":[],\"stateMutability\":\"nonpayable\",\"type\":\"function\"},{\"inputs\":[],\"name\":\"Revert\",\"outputs\":[],\"stateMutability\":\"nonpayable\",\"type\":\"function\"},{\"inputs\":[],\"name\":\"Valid\",\"outputs\":[],\"stateMutability\":\"nonpayable\",\"type\":\"function\"}]" + const contractBin = "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" + + key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey() + addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey) + opts := bind.NewKeyedTransactor(key) + + sim := NewSimulatedBackend(core.GenesisAlloc{addr: {Balance: big.NewInt(params.Ether)}}, 10000000) defer sim.Close() - bgCtx := context.Background() - testAddr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(testKey.PublicKey) - gas, err := sim.EstimateGas(bgCtx, ethereum.CallMsg{ - From: testAddr, - To: &testAddr, - Value: big.NewInt(1000), - Data: []byte{}, - }) - if err != nil { - t.Errorf("could not estimate gas: %v", err) + parsed, _ := abi.JSON(strings.NewReader(contractAbi)) + contractAddr, _, _, _ := bind.DeployContract(opts, parsed, common.FromHex(contractBin), sim) + sim.Commit() + + var cases = []struct { + name string + message ethereum.CallMsg + expect uint64 + expectError error + }{ + {"plain transfer(valid)", ethereum.CallMsg{ + From: addr, + To: &addr, + Gas: 0, + GasPrice: big.NewInt(0), + Value: big.NewInt(1), + Data: nil, + }, params.TxGas, nil}, + + {"plain transfer(invalid)", ethereum.CallMsg{ + From: addr, + To: &contractAddr, + Gas: 0, + GasPrice: big.NewInt(0), + Value: big.NewInt(1), + Data: nil, + }, 0, errors.New("always failing transaction (execution reverted)")}, + + {"Revert", ethereum.CallMsg{ + From: addr, + To: &contractAddr, + Gas: 0, + GasPrice: big.NewInt(0), + Value: nil, + Data: common.Hex2Bytes("d8b98391"), + }, 0, errors.New("always failing transaction (execution reverted) (revert reason)")}, + + {"PureRevert", ethereum.CallMsg{ + From: addr, + To: &contractAddr, + Gas: 0, + GasPrice: big.NewInt(0), + Value: nil, + Data: common.Hex2Bytes("aa8b1d30"), + }, 0, errors.New("always failing transaction (execution reverted)")}, + + {"OOG", ethereum.CallMsg{ + From: addr, + To: &contractAddr, + Gas: 100000, + GasPrice: big.NewInt(0), + Value: nil, + Data: common.Hex2Bytes("50f6fe34"), + }, 0, errors.New("gas required exceeds allowance (100000)")}, + + {"Assert", ethereum.CallMsg{ + From: addr, + To: &contractAddr, + Gas: 100000, + GasPrice: big.NewInt(0), + Value: nil, + Data: common.Hex2Bytes("b9b046f9"), + }, 0, errors.New("always failing transaction (invalid opcode: opcode 0xfe not defined)")}, + + {"Valid", ethereum.CallMsg{ + From: addr, + To: &contractAddr, + Gas: 100000, + GasPrice: big.NewInt(0), + Value: nil, + Data: common.Hex2Bytes("e09fface"), + }, 21275, nil}, } - - if gas != params.TxGas { - t.Errorf("expected 21000 gas cost for a transaction got %v", gas) + for _, c := range cases { + got, err := sim.EstimateGas(context.Background(), c.message) + if c.expectError != nil { + if err == nil { + t.Fatalf("Expect error, got nil") + } + if c.expectError.Error() != err.Error() { + t.Fatalf("Expect error, want %v, got %v", c.expectError, err) + } + continue + } + if got != c.expect { + t.Fatalf("Gas estimation mismatch, want %d, got %d", c.expect, got) + } } } diff --git a/cmd/geth/retesteth.go b/cmd/geth/retesteth.go index eccc8cd67..102f222ad 100644 --- a/cmd/geth/retesteth.go +++ b/cmd/geth/retesteth.go @@ -678,7 +678,7 @@ func (api *RetestethAPI) AccountRange(ctx context.Context, context := core.NewEVMContext(msg, block.Header(), api.blockchain, nil) // Not yet the searched for transaction, execute on top of the current state vmenv := vm.NewEVM(context, statedb, api.blockchain.Config(), vm.Config{}) - if _, _, _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas())); err != nil { + if _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas())); err != nil { return AccountRangeResult{}, fmt.Errorf("transaction %#x failed: %v", tx.Hash(), err) } // Ensure any modifications are committed to the state @@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ func (api *RetestethAPI) StorageRangeAt(ctx context.Context, context := core.NewEVMContext(msg, block.Header(), api.blockchain, nil) // Not yet the searched for transaction, execute on top of the current state vmenv := vm.NewEVM(context, statedb, api.blockchain.Config(), vm.Config{}) - if _, _, _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas())); err != nil { + if _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas())); err != nil { return StorageRangeResult{}, fmt.Errorf("transaction %#x failed: %v", tx.Hash(), err) } // Ensure any modifications are committed to the state diff --git a/core/error.go b/core/error.go index cd4be3d70..9e196d208 100644 --- a/core/error.go +++ b/core/error.go @@ -22,17 +22,45 @@ var ( // ErrKnownBlock is returned when a block to import is already known locally. ErrKnownBlock = errors.New("block already known") - // ErrGasLimitReached is returned by the gas pool if the amount of gas required - // by a transaction is higher than what's left in the block. - ErrGasLimitReached = errors.New("gas limit reached") - // ErrBlacklistedHash is returned if a block to import is on the blacklist. ErrBlacklistedHash = errors.New("blacklisted hash") + // ErrNoGenesis is returned when there is no Genesis Block. + ErrNoGenesis = errors.New("genesis not found in chain") +) + +// List of evm-call-message pre-checking errors. All state transtion messages will +// be pre-checked before execution. If any invalidation detected, the corresponding +// error should be returned which is defined here. +// +// - If the pre-checking happens in the miner, then the transaction won't be packed. +// - If the pre-checking happens in the block processing procedure, then a "BAD BLOCk" +// error should be emitted. +var ( + // ErrNonceTooLow is returned if the nonce of a transaction is lower than the + // one present in the local chain. + ErrNonceTooLow = errors.New("nonce too low") + // ErrNonceTooHigh is returned if the nonce of a transaction is higher than the // next one expected based on the local chain. ErrNonceTooHigh = errors.New("nonce too high") - // ErrNoGenesis is returned when there is no Genesis Block. - ErrNoGenesis = errors.New("genesis not found in chain") + // ErrGasLimitReached is returned by the gas pool if the amount of gas required + // by a transaction is higher than what's left in the block. + ErrGasLimitReached = errors.New("gas limit reached") + + // ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer is returned if the transaction sender doesn't + // have enough funds for transfer(topmost call only). + ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer = errors.New("insufficient funds for transfer") + + // ErrInsufficientFunds is returned if the total cost of executing a transaction + // is higher than the balance of the user's account. + ErrInsufficientFunds = errors.New("insufficient funds for gas * price + value") + + // ErrGasUintOverflow is returned when calculating gas usage. + ErrGasUintOverflow = errors.New("gas uint64 overflow") + + // ErrIntrinsicGas is returned if the transaction is specified to use less gas + // than required to start the invocation. + ErrIntrinsicGas = errors.New("intrinsic gas too low") ) diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go b/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go index 329e0eb8e..e0aeb331b 100644 --- a/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go +++ b/core/state/snapshot/difflayer_test.go @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func TestMergeDelete(t *testing.T) { flipDrops := func() map[common.Hash]struct{} { return map[common.Hash]struct{}{ - h2: struct{}{}, + h2: {}, } } flipAccs := func() map[common.Hash][]byte { @@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func TestMergeDelete(t *testing.T) { } flopDrops := func() map[common.Hash]struct{} { return map[common.Hash]struct{}{ - h1: struct{}{}, + h1: {}, } } flopAccs := func() map[common.Hash][]byte { diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/disklayer_test.go b/core/state/snapshot/disklayer_test.go index 15f3a6b1f..8460cd332 100644 --- a/core/state/snapshot/disklayer_test.go +++ b/core/state/snapshot/disklayer_test.go @@ -121,10 +121,10 @@ func TestDiskMerge(t *testing.T) { // Modify or delete some accounts, flatten everything onto disk if err := snaps.Update(diffRoot, baseRoot, map[common.Hash]struct{}{ - accDelNoCache: struct{}{}, - accDelCache: struct{}{}, - conNukeNoCache: struct{}{}, - conNukeCache: struct{}{}, + accDelNoCache: {}, + accDelCache: {}, + conNukeNoCache: {}, + conNukeCache: {}, }, map[common.Hash][]byte{ accModNoCache: reverse(accModNoCache[:]), accModCache: reverse(accModCache[:]), @@ -344,10 +344,10 @@ func TestDiskPartialMerge(t *testing.T) { // Modify or delete some accounts, flatten everything onto disk if err := snaps.Update(diffRoot, baseRoot, map[common.Hash]struct{}{ - accDelNoCache: struct{}{}, - accDelCache: struct{}{}, - conNukeNoCache: struct{}{}, - conNukeCache: struct{}{}, + accDelNoCache: {}, + accDelCache: {}, + conNukeNoCache: {}, + conNukeCache: {}, }, map[common.Hash][]byte{ accModNoCache: reverse(accModNoCache[:]), accModCache: reverse(accModCache[:]), diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/iterator_test.go b/core/state/snapshot/iterator_test.go index a3bb48819..160c0a598 100644 --- a/core/state/snapshot/iterator_test.go +++ b/core/state/snapshot/iterator_test.go @@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ func TestIteratorDeletions(t *testing.T) { deleted := common.HexToHash("0x22") destructed := map[common.Hash]struct{}{ - deleted: struct{}{}, + deleted: {}, } snaps.Update(common.HexToHash("0x03"), common.HexToHash("0x02"), destructed, randomAccountSet("0x11", "0x33"), nil) diff --git a/core/state_prefetcher.go b/core/state_prefetcher.go index 2624f38db..1c550fa8b 100644 --- a/core/state_prefetcher.go +++ b/core/state_prefetcher.go @@ -89,6 +89,6 @@ func precacheTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, bc ChainContext, author *co context := NewEVMContext(msg, header, bc, author) vm := vm.NewEVM(context, statedb, config, cfg) - _, _, _, err = ApplyMessage(vm, msg, gaspool) + _, err = ApplyMessage(vm, msg, gaspool) return err } diff --git a/core/state_processor.go b/core/state_processor.go index cfe17d587..e655d8f3b 100644 --- a/core/state_processor.go +++ b/core/state_processor.go @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func ApplyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, bc ChainContext, author *commo // about the transaction and calling mechanisms. vmenv := vm.NewEVM(context, statedb, config, cfg) // Apply the transaction to the current state (included in the env) - _, gas, failed, err := ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, gp) + result, err := ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, gp) if err != nil { return nil, err } @@ -107,13 +107,13 @@ func ApplyTransaction(config *params.ChainConfig, bc ChainContext, author *commo } else { root = statedb.IntermediateRoot(config.IsEIP158(header.Number)).Bytes() } - *usedGas += gas + *usedGas += result.UsedGas // Create a new receipt for the transaction, storing the intermediate root and gas used by the tx // based on the eip phase, we're passing whether the root touch-delete accounts. - receipt := types.NewReceipt(root, failed, *usedGas) + receipt := types.NewReceipt(root, result.Failed(), *usedGas) receipt.TxHash = tx.Hash() - receipt.GasUsed = gas + receipt.GasUsed = result.UsedGas // if the transaction created a contract, store the creation address in the receipt. if msg.To() == nil { receipt.ContractAddress = crypto.CreateAddress(vmenv.Context.Origin, tx.Nonce()) diff --git a/core/state_transition.go b/core/state_transition.go index 1d371f36d..9a9bf475e 100644 --- a/core/state_transition.go +++ b/core/state_transition.go @@ -17,20 +17,14 @@ package core import ( - "errors" "math" "math/big" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm" - "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params" ) -var ( - errInsufficientBalanceForGas = errors.New("insufficient balance to pay for gas") -) - /* The State Transitioning Model @@ -63,7 +57,6 @@ type StateTransition struct { // Message represents a message sent to a contract. type Message interface { From() common.Address - //FromFrontier() (common.Address, error) To() *common.Address GasPrice() *big.Int @@ -75,6 +68,41 @@ type Message interface { Data() []byte } +// ExecutionResult includes all output after executing given evm +// message no matter the execution itself is successful or not. +type ExecutionResult struct { + UsedGas uint64 // Total used gas but include the refunded gas + Err error // Any error encountered during the execution(listed in core/vm/errors.go) + ReturnData []byte // Returned data from evm(function result or data supplied with revert opcode) +} + +// Unwrap returns the internal evm error which allows us for further +// analysis outside. +func (result *ExecutionResult) Unwrap() error { + return result.Err +} + +// Failed returns the indicator whether the execution is successful or not +func (result *ExecutionResult) Failed() bool { return result.Err != nil } + +// Return is a helper function to help caller distinguish between revert reason +// and function return. Return returns the data after execution if no error occurs. +func (result *ExecutionResult) Return() []byte { + if result.Err != nil { + return nil + } + return common.CopyBytes(result.ReturnData) +} + +// Revert returns the concrete revert reason if the execution is aborted by `REVERT` +// opcode. Note the reason can be nil if no data supplied with revert opcode. +func (result *ExecutionResult) Revert() []byte { + if result.Err != vm.ErrExecutionReverted { + return nil + } + return common.CopyBytes(result.ReturnData) +} + // IntrinsicGas computes the 'intrinsic gas' for a message with the given data. func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, contractCreation, isHomestead bool, isEIP2028 bool) (uint64, error) { // Set the starting gas for the raw transaction @@ -99,13 +127,13 @@ func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, contractCreation, isHomestead bool, isEIP2028 boo nonZeroGas = params.TxDataNonZeroGasEIP2028 } if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/nonZeroGas < nz { - return 0, vm.ErrOutOfGas + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } gas += nz * nonZeroGas z := uint64(len(data)) - nz if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/params.TxDataZeroGas < z { - return 0, vm.ErrOutOfGas + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } gas += z * params.TxDataZeroGas } @@ -132,7 +160,7 @@ func NewStateTransition(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) *StateTransition // the gas used (which includes gas refunds) and an error if it failed. An error always // indicates a core error meaning that the message would always fail for that particular // state and would never be accepted within a block. -func ApplyMessage(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) ([]byte, uint64, bool, error) { +func ApplyMessage(evm *vm.EVM, msg Message, gp *GasPool) (*ExecutionResult, error) { return NewStateTransition(evm, msg, gp).TransitionDb() } @@ -144,19 +172,10 @@ func (st *StateTransition) to() common.Address { return *st.msg.To() } -func (st *StateTransition) useGas(amount uint64) error { - if st.gas < amount { - return vm.ErrOutOfGas - } - st.gas -= amount - - return nil -} - func (st *StateTransition) buyGas() error { mgval := new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.msg.Gas()), st.gasPrice) if st.state.GetBalance(st.msg.From()).Cmp(mgval) < 0 { - return errInsufficientBalanceForGas + return ErrInsufficientFunds } if err := st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.Gas()); err != nil { return err @@ -182,11 +201,32 @@ func (st *StateTransition) preCheck() error { } // TransitionDb will transition the state by applying the current message and -// returning the result including the used gas. It returns an error if failed. -// An error indicates a consensus issue. -func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (ret []byte, usedGas uint64, failed bool, err error) { - if err = st.preCheck(); err != nil { - return +// returning the evm execution result with following fields. +// +// - used gas: +// total gas used (including gas being refunded) +// - returndata: +// the returned data from evm +// - concrete execution error: +// various **EVM** error which aborts the execution, +// e.g. ErrOutOfGas, ErrExecutionReverted +// +// However if any consensus issue encountered, return the error directly with +// nil evm execution result. +func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (*ExecutionResult, error) { + // First check this message satisfies all consensus rules before + // applying the message. The rules include these clauses + // + // 1. the nonce of the message caller is correct + // 2. caller has enough balance to cover transaction fee(gaslimit * gasprice) + // 3. the amount of gas required is available in the block + // 4. the purchased gas is enough to cover intrinsic usage + // 5. there is no overflow when calculating intrinsic gas + // 6. caller has enough balance to cover asset transfer for **topmost** call + + // Check clauses 1-3, buy gas if everything is correct + if err := st.preCheck(); err != nil { + return nil, err } msg := st.msg sender := vm.AccountRef(msg.From()) @@ -194,42 +234,39 @@ func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb() (ret []byte, usedGas uint64, failed bo istanbul := st.evm.ChainConfig().IsIstanbul(st.evm.BlockNumber) contractCreation := msg.To() == nil - // Pay intrinsic gas + // Check clauses 4-5, subtract intrinsic gas if everything is correct gas, err := IntrinsicGas(st.data, contractCreation, homestead, istanbul) if err != nil { - return nil, 0, false, err + return nil, err } - if err = st.useGas(gas); err != nil { - return nil, 0, false, err + if st.gas < gas { + return nil, ErrIntrinsicGas } + st.gas -= gas + // Check clause 6 + if msg.Value().Sign() > 0 && !st.evm.CanTransfer(st.state, msg.From(), msg.Value()) { + return nil, ErrInsufficientFundsForTransfer + } var ( - evm = st.evm - // vm errors do not effect consensus and are therefor - // not assigned to err, except for insufficient balance - // error. - vmerr error + ret []byte + vmerr error // vm errors do not effect consensus and are therefore not assigned to err ) if contractCreation { - ret, _, st.gas, vmerr = evm.Create(sender, st.data, st.gas, st.value) + ret, _, st.gas, vmerr = st.evm.Create(sender, st.data, st.gas, st.value) } else { // Increment the nonce for the next transaction st.state.SetNonce(msg.From(), st.state.GetNonce(sender.Address())+1) - ret, st.gas, vmerr = evm.Call(sender, st.to(), st.data, st.gas, st.value) - } - if vmerr != nil { - log.Debug("VM returned with error", "err", vmerr) - // The only possible consensus-error would be if there wasn't - // sufficient balance to make the transfer happen. The first - // balance transfer may never fail. - if vmerr == vm.ErrInsufficientBalance { - return nil, 0, false, vmerr - } + ret, st.gas, vmerr = st.evm.Call(sender, st.to(), st.data, st.gas, st.value) } st.refundGas() st.state.AddBalance(st.evm.Coinbase, new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed()), st.gasPrice)) - return ret, st.gasUsed(), vmerr != nil, err + return &ExecutionResult{ + UsedGas: st.gasUsed(), + Err: vmerr, + ReturnData: ret, + }, nil } func (st *StateTransition) refundGas() { diff --git a/core/tx_pool.go b/core/tx_pool.go index e4e3c41ce..d4a6100c5 100644 --- a/core/tx_pool.go +++ b/core/tx_pool.go @@ -59,10 +59,6 @@ var ( // ErrInvalidSender is returned if the transaction contains an invalid signature. ErrInvalidSender = errors.New("invalid sender") - // ErrNonceTooLow is returned if the nonce of a transaction is lower than the - // one present in the local chain. - ErrNonceTooLow = errors.New("nonce too low") - // ErrUnderpriced is returned if a transaction's gas price is below the minimum // configured for the transaction pool. ErrUnderpriced = errors.New("transaction underpriced") @@ -71,14 +67,6 @@ var ( // with a different one without the required price bump. ErrReplaceUnderpriced = errors.New("replacement transaction underpriced") - // ErrInsufficientFunds is returned if the total cost of executing a transaction - // is higher than the balance of the user's account. - ErrInsufficientFunds = errors.New("insufficient funds for gas * price + value") - - // ErrIntrinsicGas is returned if the transaction is specified to use less gas - // than required to start the invocation. - ErrIntrinsicGas = errors.New("intrinsic gas too low") - // ErrGasLimit is returned if a transaction's requested gas limit exceeds the // maximum allowance of the current block. ErrGasLimit = errors.New("exceeds block gas limit") diff --git a/core/vm/errors.go b/core/vm/errors.go index 7f88f324e..c813aa36a 100644 --- a/core/vm/errors.go +++ b/core/vm/errors.go @@ -16,15 +16,51 @@ package vm -import "errors" +import ( + "errors" + "fmt" +) -// List execution errors +// List evm execution errors var ( ErrOutOfGas = errors.New("out of gas") ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas = errors.New("contract creation code storage out of gas") ErrDepth = errors.New("max call depth exceeded") - ErrTraceLimitReached = errors.New("the number of logs reached the specified limit") ErrInsufficientBalance = errors.New("insufficient balance for transfer") ErrContractAddressCollision = errors.New("contract address collision") - ErrNoCompatibleInterpreter = errors.New("no compatible interpreter") + ErrExecutionReverted = errors.New("execution reverted") + ErrMaxCodeSizeExceeded = errors.New("max code size exceeded") + ErrInvalidJump = errors.New("invalid jump destination") + ErrWriteProtection = errors.New("write protection") + ErrReturnDataOutOfBounds = errors.New("return data out of bounds") + ErrGasUintOverflow = errors.New("gas uint64 overflow") ) + +// ErrStackUnderflow wraps an evm error when the items on the stack less +// than the minimal requirement. +type ErrStackUnderflow struct { + stackLen int + required int +} + +func (e *ErrStackUnderflow) Error() string { + return fmt.Sprintf("stack underflow (%d <=> %d)", e.stackLen, e.required) +} + +// ErrStackOverflow wraps an evm error when the items on the stack exceeds +// the maximum allowance. +type ErrStackOverflow struct { + stackLen int + limit int +} + +func (e *ErrStackOverflow) Error() string { + return fmt.Sprintf("stack limit reached %d (%d)", e.stackLen, e.limit) +} + +// ErrInvalidOpCode wraps an evm error when an invalid opcode is encountered. +type ErrInvalidOpCode struct { + opcode OpCode +} + +func (e *ErrInvalidOpCode) Error() string { return fmt.Sprintf("invalid opcode: %s", e.opcode) } diff --git a/core/vm/evm.go b/core/vm/evm.go index 751c1fdc1..c86da054d 100644 --- a/core/vm/evm.go +++ b/core/vm/evm.go @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package vm import ( + "errors" "math/big" "sync/atomic" "time" @@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ func run(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) ([]byte, err return interpreter.Run(contract, input, readOnly) } } - return nil, ErrNoCompatibleInterpreter + return nil, errors.New("no compatible interpreter") } // Context provides the EVM with auxiliary information. Once provided @@ -190,7 +191,6 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 { return nil, gas, nil } - // Fail if we're trying to execute above the call depth limit if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) { return nil, gas, ErrDepth @@ -199,7 +199,6 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas if !evm.Context.CanTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), value) { return nil, gas, ErrInsufficientBalance } - var ( to = AccountRef(addr) snapshot = evm.StateDB.Snapshot() @@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) Call(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, gas // when we're in homestead this also counts for code storage gas errors. if err != nil { evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot) - if err != errExecutionReverted { + if err != ErrExecutionReverted { contract.UseGas(contract.Gas) } } @@ -264,16 +263,17 @@ func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, if evm.vmConfig.NoRecursion && evm.depth > 0 { return nil, gas, nil } - // Fail if we're trying to execute above the call depth limit if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) { return nil, gas, ErrDepth } // Fail if we're trying to transfer more than the available balance - if !evm.CanTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), value) { + // Note although it's noop to transfer X ether to caller itself. But + // if caller doesn't have enough balance, it would be an error to allow + // over-charging itself. So the check here is necessary. + if !evm.Context.CanTransfer(evm.StateDB, caller.Address(), value) { return nil, gas, ErrInsufficientBalance } - var ( snapshot = evm.StateDB.Snapshot() to = AccountRef(caller.Address()) @@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte, ret, err = run(evm, contract, input, false) if err != nil { evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot) - if err != errExecutionReverted { + if err != ErrExecutionReverted { contract.UseGas(contract.Gas) } } @@ -306,12 +306,10 @@ func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []by if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) { return nil, gas, ErrDepth } - var ( snapshot = evm.StateDB.Snapshot() to = AccountRef(caller.Address()) ) - // Initialise a new contract and make initialise the delegate values contract := NewContract(caller, to, nil, gas).AsDelegate() contract.SetCallCode(&addr, evm.StateDB.GetCodeHash(addr), evm.StateDB.GetCode(addr)) @@ -319,7 +317,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []by ret, err = run(evm, contract, input, false) if err != nil { evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot) - if err != errExecutionReverted { + if err != ErrExecutionReverted { contract.UseGas(contract.Gas) } } @@ -338,7 +336,6 @@ func (evm *EVM) StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte if evm.depth > int(params.CallCreateDepth) { return nil, gas, ErrDepth } - var ( to = AccountRef(addr) snapshot = evm.StateDB.Snapshot() @@ -360,7 +357,7 @@ func (evm *EVM) StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr common.Address, input []byte ret, err = run(evm, contract, input, true) if err != nil { evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot) - if err != errExecutionReverted { + if err != ErrExecutionReverted { contract.UseGas(contract.Gas) } } @@ -441,13 +438,13 @@ func (evm *EVM) create(caller ContractRef, codeAndHash *codeAndHash, gas uint64, // when we're in homestead this also counts for code storage gas errors. if maxCodeSizeExceeded || (err != nil && (evm.chainRules.IsHomestead || err != ErrCodeStoreOutOfGas)) { evm.StateDB.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot) - if err != errExecutionReverted { + if err != ErrExecutionReverted { contract.UseGas(contract.Gas) } } // Assign err if contract code size exceeds the max while the err is still empty. if maxCodeSizeExceeded && err == nil { - err = errMaxCodeSizeExceeded + err = ErrMaxCodeSizeExceeded } if evm.vmConfig.Debug && evm.depth == 0 { evm.vmConfig.Tracer.CaptureEnd(ret, gas-contract.Gas, time.Since(start), err) diff --git a/core/vm/gas.go b/core/vm/gas.go index 3e3052faa..59ce3b39f 100644 --- a/core/vm/gas.go +++ b/core/vm/gas.go @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ func callGas(isEip150 bool, availableGas, base uint64, callCost *big.Int) (uint6 } } if !callCost.IsUint64() { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } return callCost.Uint64(), nil diff --git a/core/vm/gas_table.go b/core/vm/gas_table.go index 1d3c4f100..d4d4d079a 100644 --- a/core/vm/gas_table.go +++ b/core/vm/gas_table.go @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func memoryGasCost(mem *Memory, newMemSize uint64) (uint64, error) { // overflow. The constant 0x1FFFFFFFE0 is the highest number that can be used // without overflowing the gas calculation. if newMemSize > 0x1FFFFFFFE0 { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } newMemSizeWords := toWordSize(newMemSize) newMemSize = newMemSizeWords * 32 @@ -72,15 +72,15 @@ func memoryCopierGas(stackpos int) gasFunc { // And gas for copying data, charged per word at param.CopyGas words, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(stackpos)) if overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } if words, overflow = math.SafeMul(toWordSize(words), params.CopyGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, words); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } return gas, nil } @@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ func makeGasLog(n uint64) gasFunc { return func(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize uint64) (uint64, error) { requestedSize, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(1)) if overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } gas, err := memoryGasCost(mem, memorySize) @@ -230,18 +230,18 @@ func makeGasLog(n uint64) gasFunc { } if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, params.LogGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, n*params.LogTopicGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } var memorySizeGas uint64 if memorySizeGas, overflow = math.SafeMul(requestedSize, params.LogDataGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, memorySizeGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } return gas, nil } @@ -254,13 +254,13 @@ func gasSha3(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize } wordGas, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(1)) if overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } if wordGas, overflow = math.SafeMul(toWordSize(wordGas), params.Sha3WordGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, wordGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } return gas, nil } @@ -288,13 +288,13 @@ func gasCreate2(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memoryS } wordGas, overflow := bigUint64(stack.Back(2)) if overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } if wordGas, overflow = math.SafeMul(toWordSize(wordGas), params.Sha3WordGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, wordGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } return gas, nil } @@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ func gasExpFrontier(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, mem overflow bool ) if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, params.ExpGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } return gas, nil } @@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ func gasExpEIP158(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memor overflow bool ) if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, params.ExpGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } return gas, nil } @@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ func gasCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize } var overflow bool if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, memoryGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } evm.callGasTemp, err = callGas(evm.chainRules.IsEIP150, contract.Gas, gas, stack.Back(0)) @@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ func gasCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memorySize return 0, err } if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.callGasTemp); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } return gas, nil } @@ -373,14 +373,14 @@ func gasCallCode(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memory gas += params.CallValueTransferGas } if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, memoryGas); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } evm.callGasTemp, err = callGas(evm.chainRules.IsEIP150, contract.Gas, gas, stack.Back(0)) if err != nil { return 0, err } if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.callGasTemp); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } return gas, nil } @@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ func gasDelegateCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, me } var overflow bool if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.callGasTemp); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } return gas, nil } @@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ func gasStaticCall(evm *EVM, contract *Contract, stack *Stack, mem *Memory, memo } var overflow bool if gas, overflow = math.SafeAdd(gas, evm.callGasTemp); overflow { - return 0, errGasUintOverflow + return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow } return gas, nil } diff --git a/core/vm/gas_table_test.go b/core/vm/gas_table_test.go index 2d8d3c6bc..419c90306 100644 --- a/core/vm/gas_table_test.go +++ b/core/vm/gas_table_test.go @@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ func TestMemoryGasCost(t *testing.T) { } for i, tt := range tests { v, err := memoryGasCost(&Memory{}, tt.size) - if (err == errGasUintOverflow) != tt.overflow { - t.Errorf("test %d: overflow mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err == errGasUintOverflow, tt.overflow) + if (err == ErrGasUintOverflow) != tt.overflow { + t.Errorf("test %d: overflow mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err == ErrGasUintOverflow, tt.overflow) } if v != tt.cost { t.Errorf("test %d: gas cost mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, v, tt.cost) diff --git a/core/vm/instructions.go b/core/vm/instructions.go index 9ac4cd47c..fe5c15d41 100644 --- a/core/vm/instructions.go +++ b/core/vm/instructions.go @@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ package vm import ( - "errors" "math/big" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common" @@ -28,13 +27,8 @@ import ( ) var ( - bigZero = new(big.Int) - tt255 = math.BigPow(2, 255) - errWriteProtection = errors.New("evm: write protection") - errReturnDataOutOfBounds = errors.New("evm: return data out of bounds") - errExecutionReverted = errors.New("evm: execution reverted") - errMaxCodeSizeExceeded = errors.New("evm: max code size exceeded") - errInvalidJump = errors.New("evm: invalid jump destination") + bigZero = new(big.Int) + tt255 = math.BigPow(2, 255) ) func opAdd(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ([]byte, error) { @@ -468,7 +462,7 @@ func opReturnDataCopy(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *call defer interpreter.intPool.put(memOffset, dataOffset, length, end) if !end.IsUint64() || uint64(len(interpreter.returnData)) < end.Uint64() { - return nil, errReturnDataOutOfBounds + return nil, ErrReturnDataOutOfBounds } callContext.memory.Set(memOffset.Uint64(), length.Uint64(), interpreter.returnData[dataOffset.Uint64():end.Uint64()]) @@ -643,7 +637,7 @@ func opSstore(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ([] func opJump(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ([]byte, error) { pos := callContext.stack.pop() if !callContext.contract.validJumpdest(pos) { - return nil, errInvalidJump + return nil, ErrInvalidJump } *pc = pos.Uint64() @@ -655,7 +649,7 @@ func opJumpi(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ([]b pos, cond := callContext.stack.pop(), callContext.stack.pop() if cond.Sign() != 0 { if !callContext.contract.validJumpdest(pos) { - return nil, errInvalidJump + return nil, ErrInvalidJump } *pc = pos.Uint64() } else { @@ -712,7 +706,7 @@ func opCreate(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ([] callContext.contract.Gas += returnGas interpreter.intPool.put(value, offset, size) - if suberr == errExecutionReverted { + if suberr == ErrExecutionReverted { return res, nil } return nil, nil @@ -740,7 +734,7 @@ func opCreate2(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ([ callContext.contract.Gas += returnGas interpreter.intPool.put(endowment, offset, size, salt) - if suberr == errExecutionReverted { + if suberr == ErrExecutionReverted { return res, nil } return nil, nil @@ -766,7 +760,7 @@ func opCall(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ([]by } else { callContext.stack.push(interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(1)) } - if err == nil || err == errExecutionReverted { + if err == nil || err == ErrExecutionReverted { callContext.memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret) } callContext.contract.Gas += returnGas @@ -795,7 +789,7 @@ func opCallCode(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) ( } else { callContext.stack.push(interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(1)) } - if err == nil || err == errExecutionReverted { + if err == nil || err == ErrExecutionReverted { callContext.memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret) } callContext.contract.Gas += returnGas @@ -820,7 +814,7 @@ func opDelegateCall(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCt } else { callContext.stack.push(interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(1)) } - if err == nil || err == errExecutionReverted { + if err == nil || err == ErrExecutionReverted { callContext.memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret) } callContext.contract.Gas += returnGas @@ -845,7 +839,7 @@ func opStaticCall(pc *uint64, interpreter *EVMInterpreter, callContext *callCtx) } else { callContext.stack.push(interpreter.intPool.get().SetUint64(1)) } - if err == nil || err == errExecutionReverted { + if err == nil || err == ErrExecutionReverted { callContext.memory.Set(retOffset.Uint64(), retSize.Uint64(), ret) } callContext.contract.Gas += returnGas diff --git a/core/vm/interpreter.go b/core/vm/interpreter.go index 5d213acc8..e0b7e09ce 100644 --- a/core/vm/interpreter.go +++ b/core/vm/interpreter.go @@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ package vm import ( - "fmt" "hash" "sync/atomic" @@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ func NewEVMInterpreter(evm *EVM, cfg Config) *EVMInterpreter { // // It's important to note that any errors returned by the interpreter should be // considered a revert-and-consume-all-gas operation except for -// errExecutionReverted which means revert-and-keep-gas-left. +// ErrExecutionReverted which means revert-and-keep-gas-left. func (in *EVMInterpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) (ret []byte, err error) { if in.intPool == nil { in.intPool = poolOfIntPools.get() @@ -223,13 +222,13 @@ func (in *EVMInterpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) ( op = contract.GetOp(pc) operation := in.cfg.JumpTable[op] if !operation.valid { - return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid opcode 0x%x", int(op)) + return nil, &ErrInvalidOpCode{opcode: op} } // Validate stack if sLen := stack.len(); sLen < operation.minStack { - return nil, fmt.Errorf("stack underflow (%d <=> %d)", sLen, operation.minStack) + return nil, &ErrStackUnderflow{stackLen: sLen, required: operation.minStack} } else if sLen > operation.maxStack { - return nil, fmt.Errorf("stack limit reached %d (%d)", sLen, operation.maxStack) + return nil, &ErrStackOverflow{stackLen: sLen, limit: operation.maxStack} } // If the operation is valid, enforce and write restrictions if in.readOnly && in.evm.chainRules.IsByzantium { @@ -239,7 +238,7 @@ func (in *EVMInterpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) ( // account to the others means the state is modified and should also // return with an error. if operation.writes || (op == CALL && stack.Back(2).Sign() != 0) { - return nil, errWriteProtection + return nil, ErrWriteProtection } } // Static portion of gas @@ -256,12 +255,12 @@ func (in *EVMInterpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) ( if operation.memorySize != nil { memSize, overflow := operation.memorySize(stack) if overflow { - return nil, errGasUintOverflow + return nil, ErrGasUintOverflow } // memory is expanded in words of 32 bytes. Gas // is also calculated in words. if memorySize, overflow = math.SafeMul(toWordSize(memSize), 32); overflow { - return nil, errGasUintOverflow + return nil, ErrGasUintOverflow } } // Dynamic portion of gas @@ -301,7 +300,7 @@ func (in *EVMInterpreter) Run(contract *Contract, input []byte, readOnly bool) ( case err != nil: return nil, err case operation.reverts: - return res, errExecutionReverted + return res, ErrExecutionReverted case operation.halts: return res, nil case !operation.jumps: diff --git a/core/vm/jump_table.go b/core/vm/jump_table.go index c1e7c88db..23decaa7b 100644 --- a/core/vm/jump_table.go +++ b/core/vm/jump_table.go @@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ package vm import ( - "errors" - "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params" ) @@ -29,8 +27,6 @@ type ( memorySizeFunc func(*Stack) (size uint64, overflow bool) ) -var errGasUintOverflow = errors.New("gas uint64 overflow") - type operation struct { // execute is the operation function execute executionFunc diff --git a/core/vm/logger.go b/core/vm/logger.go index 33c58ac9d..0462d8b4a 100644 --- a/core/vm/logger.go +++ b/core/vm/logger.go @@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package vm import ( "encoding/hex" + "errors" "fmt" "io" "math/big" @@ -29,6 +30,8 @@ import ( "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types" ) +var errTraceLimitReached = errors.New("the number of logs reached the specified limit") + // Storage represents a contract's storage. type Storage map[common.Hash]common.Hash @@ -140,7 +143,7 @@ func (l *StructLogger) CaptureStart(from common.Address, to common.Address, crea func (l *StructLogger) CaptureState(env *EVM, pc uint64, op OpCode, gas, cost uint64, memory *Memory, stack *Stack, contract *Contract, depth int, err error) error { // check if already accumulated the specified number of logs if l.cfg.Limit != 0 && l.cfg.Limit <= len(l.logs) { - return ErrTraceLimitReached + return errTraceLimitReached } // initialise new changed values storage container for this contract diff --git a/core/vm/opcodes.go b/core/vm/opcodes.go index 71ef0724a..322e01d17 100644 --- a/core/vm/opcodes.go +++ b/core/vm/opcodes.go @@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ var opCodeToString = map[OpCode]string{ func (op OpCode) String() string { str := opCodeToString[op] if len(str) == 0 { - return fmt.Sprintf("Missing opcode 0x%x", int(op)) + return fmt.Sprintf("opcode 0x%x not defined", int(op)) } return str diff --git a/eth/api_tracer.go b/eth/api_tracer.go index 560f46044..68a61bea0 100644 --- a/eth/api_tracer.go +++ b/eth/api_tracer.go @@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ func (api *PrivateDebugAPI) traceBlock(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, vmctx := core.NewEVMContext(msg, block.Header(), api.eth.blockchain, nil) vmenv := vm.NewEVM(vmctx, statedb, api.eth.blockchain.Config(), vm.Config{}) - if _, _, _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(msg.Gas())); err != nil { + if _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(msg.Gas())); err != nil { failed = err break } @@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ func (api *PrivateDebugAPI) standardTraceBlockToFile(ctx context.Context, block } // Execute the transaction and flush any traces to disk vmenv := vm.NewEVM(vmctx, statedb, api.eth.blockchain.Config(), vmConf) - _, _, _, err = core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(msg.Gas())) + _, err = core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(msg.Gas())) if writer != nil { writer.Flush() } @@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ func (api *PrivateDebugAPI) traceTx(ctx context.Context, message core.Message, v // Run the transaction with tracing enabled. vmenv := vm.NewEVM(vmctx, statedb, api.eth.blockchain.Config(), vm.Config{Debug: true, Tracer: tracer}) - ret, gas, failed, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, message, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(message.Gas())) + result, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, message, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(message.Gas())) if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("tracing failed: %v", err) } @@ -766,9 +766,9 @@ func (api *PrivateDebugAPI) traceTx(ctx context.Context, message core.Message, v switch tracer := tracer.(type) { case *vm.StructLogger: return ðapi.ExecutionResult{ - Gas: gas, - Failed: failed, - ReturnValue: fmt.Sprintf("%x", ret), + Gas: result.UsedGas, + Failed: result.Failed(), + ReturnValue: fmt.Sprintf("%x", result.Return()), StructLogs: ethapi.FormatLogs(tracer.StructLogs()), }, nil @@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ func (api *PrivateDebugAPI) computeTxEnv(blockHash common.Hash, txIndex int, ree } // Not yet the searched for transaction, execute on top of the current state vmenv := vm.NewEVM(context, statedb, api.eth.blockchain.Config(), vm.Config{}) - if _, _, _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas())); err != nil { + if _, err := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas())); err != nil { return nil, vm.Context{}, nil, fmt.Errorf("transaction %#x failed: %v", tx.Hash(), err) } // Ensure any modifications are committed to the state diff --git a/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json b/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json index d1c8ac913..72152e27e 100644 --- a/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json +++ b/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_inner_create_oog_outer_throw.json @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ "value": "0x0" } ], - "error": "evm: invalid jump destination", + "error": "invalid jump destination", "from": "0xe4a13bc304682a903e9472f469c33801dd18d9e8", "gas": "0x435c8", "gasUsed": "0x435c8", diff --git a/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_inner_throw_outer_revert.json b/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_inner_throw_outer_revert.json index edd80e5b8..7627c8c23 100644 --- a/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_inner_throw_outer_revert.json +++ b/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_inner_throw_outer_revert.json @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ "result": { "calls": [ { - "error": "invalid opcode 0xfe", + "error": "invalid opcode: opcode 0xfe not defined", "from": "0x33056b5dcac09a9b4becad0e1dcf92c19bd0af76", "gas": "0x75fe3", "gasUsed": "0x75fe3", diff --git a/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_throw.json b/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_throw.json index d66f1ffa6..09cf44977 100644 --- a/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_throw.json +++ b/eth/tracers/testdata/call_tracer_throw.json @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ }, "input": "0xf88b8206668504a817c8008303d09094c212e03b9e060e36facad5fd8f4435412ca22e6b80a451a34eb8000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000027fad02094277c000029a0692a3b4e7b2842f8dd7832e712c21e09f451f416c8976d5b8d02e8c0c2b4bea9a07645e90fc421b63dd755767fd93d3c03b4ec0c4d8fafa059558d08cf11d59750", "result": { - "error": "evm: invalid jump destination", + "error": "invalid jump destination", "from": "0x70c9217d814985faef62b124420f8dfbddd96433", "gas": "0x37b38", "gasUsed": "0x37b38", diff --git a/eth/tracers/tracers_test.go b/eth/tracers/tracers_test.go index 289c6c5bb..7227e20eb 100644 --- a/eth/tracers/tracers_test.go +++ b/eth/tracers/tracers_test.go @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ func TestPrestateTracerCreate2(t *testing.T) { t.Fatalf("failed to prepare transaction for tracing: %v", err) } st := core.NewStateTransition(evm, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas())) - if _, _, _, err = st.TransitionDb(); err != nil { + if _, err = st.TransitionDb(); err != nil { t.Fatalf("failed to execute transaction: %v", err) } // Retrieve the trace result and compare against the etalon @@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ func TestCallTracer(t *testing.T) { t.Fatalf("failed to prepare transaction for tracing: %v", err) } st := core.NewStateTransition(evm, msg, new(core.GasPool).AddGas(tx.Gas())) - if _, _, _, err = st.TransitionDb(); err != nil { + if _, err = st.TransitionDb(); err != nil { t.Fatalf("failed to execute transaction: %v", err) } // Retrieve the trace result and compare against the etalon diff --git a/graphql/graphql.go b/graphql/graphql.go index 0f7bba865..9555d8cce 100644 --- a/graphql/graphql.go +++ b/graphql/graphql.go @@ -803,16 +803,19 @@ func (b *Block) Call(ctx context.Context, args struct { return nil, err } } - result, gas, failed, err := ethapi.DoCall(ctx, b.backend, args.Data, *b.numberOrHash, nil, vm.Config{}, 5*time.Second, b.backend.RPCGasCap()) + result, err := ethapi.DoCall(ctx, b.backend, args.Data, *b.numberOrHash, nil, vm.Config{}, 5*time.Second, b.backend.RPCGasCap()) + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } status := hexutil.Uint64(1) - if failed { + if result.Failed() { status = 0 } return &CallResult{ - data: hexutil.Bytes(result), - gasUsed: hexutil.Uint64(gas), + data: result.Return(), + gasUsed: hexutil.Uint64(result.UsedGas), status: status, - }, err + }, nil } func (b *Block) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, args struct { @@ -869,16 +872,19 @@ func (p *Pending) Call(ctx context.Context, args struct { Data ethapi.CallArgs }) (*CallResult, error) { pendingBlockNr := rpc.BlockNumberOrHashWithNumber(rpc.PendingBlockNumber) - result, gas, failed, err := ethapi.DoCall(ctx, p.backend, args.Data, pendingBlockNr, nil, vm.Config{}, 5*time.Second, p.backend.RPCGasCap()) + result, err := ethapi.DoCall(ctx, p.backend, args.Data, pendingBlockNr, nil, vm.Config{}, 5*time.Second, p.backend.RPCGasCap()) + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } status := hexutil.Uint64(1) - if failed { + if result.Failed() { status = 0 } return &CallResult{ - data: hexutil.Bytes(result), - gasUsed: hexutil.Uint64(gas), + data: result.Return(), + gasUsed: hexutil.Uint64(result.UsedGas), status: status, - }, err + }, nil } func (p *Pending) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, args struct { diff --git a/internal/ethapi/api.go b/internal/ethapi/api.go index 7b9f9dafa..febfcb224 100644 --- a/internal/ethapi/api.go +++ b/internal/ethapi/api.go @@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import ( "github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts" + "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/keystore" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/scwallet" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common" @@ -789,14 +790,13 @@ type account struct { StateDiff *map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"stateDiff"` } -func DoCall(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args CallArgs, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash, overrides map[common.Address]account, vmCfg vm.Config, timeout time.Duration, globalGasCap *big.Int) ([]byte, uint64, bool, error) { +func DoCall(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args CallArgs, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash, overrides map[common.Address]account, vmCfg vm.Config, timeout time.Duration, globalGasCap *big.Int) (*core.ExecutionResult, error) { defer func(start time.Time) { log.Debug("Executing EVM call finished", "runtime", time.Since(start)) }(time.Now()) state, header, err := b.StateAndHeaderByNumberOrHash(ctx, blockNrOrHash) if state == nil || err != nil { - return nil, 0, false, err + return nil, err } - // Override the fields of specified contracts before execution. for addr, account := range overrides { // Override account nonce. @@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ func DoCall(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args CallArgs, blockNrOrHash rpc.Blo state.SetBalance(addr, (*big.Int)(*account.Balance)) } if account.State != nil && account.StateDiff != nil { - return nil, 0, false, fmt.Errorf("account %s has both 'state' and 'stateDiff'", addr.Hex()) + return nil, fmt.Errorf("account %s has both 'state' and 'stateDiff'", addr.Hex()) } // Replace entire state if caller requires. if account.State != nil { @@ -825,7 +825,6 @@ func DoCall(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args CallArgs, blockNrOrHash rpc.Blo } } } - // Setup context so it may be cancelled the call has completed // or, in case of unmetered gas, setup a context with a timeout. var cancel context.CancelFunc @@ -842,7 +841,7 @@ func DoCall(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args CallArgs, blockNrOrHash rpc.Blo msg := args.ToMessage(globalGasCap) evm, vmError, err := b.GetEVM(ctx, msg, state, header) if err != nil { - return nil, 0, false, err + return nil, err } // Wait for the context to be done and cancel the evm. Even if the // EVM has finished, cancelling may be done (repeatedly) @@ -854,15 +853,15 @@ func DoCall(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args CallArgs, blockNrOrHash rpc.Blo // Setup the gas pool (also for unmetered requests) // and apply the message. gp := new(core.GasPool).AddGas(math.MaxUint64) - res, gas, failed, err := core.ApplyMessage(evm, msg, gp) + result, err := core.ApplyMessage(evm, msg, gp) if err := vmError(); err != nil { - return nil, 0, false, err + return nil, err } // If the timer caused an abort, return an appropriate error message if evm.Cancelled() { - return nil, 0, false, fmt.Errorf("execution aborted (timeout = %v)", timeout) + return nil, fmt.Errorf("execution aborted (timeout = %v)", timeout) } - return res, gas, failed, err + return result, err } // Call executes the given transaction on the state for the given block number. @@ -876,8 +875,28 @@ func (s *PublicBlockChainAPI) Call(ctx context.Context, args CallArgs, blockNrOr if overrides != nil { accounts = *overrides } - result, _, _, err := DoCall(ctx, s.b, args, blockNrOrHash, accounts, vm.Config{}, 5*time.Second, s.b.RPCGasCap()) - return (hexutil.Bytes)(result), err + result, err := DoCall(ctx, s.b, args, blockNrOrHash, accounts, vm.Config{}, 5*time.Second, s.b.RPCGasCap()) + if err != nil { + return nil, err + } + return result.Return(), nil +} + +type estimateGasError struct { + error string // Concrete error type if it's failed to estimate gas usage + vmerr error // Additional field, it's non-nil if the given transaction is invalid + revert string // Additional field, it's non-empty if the transaction is reverted and reason is provided +} + +func (e estimateGasError) Error() string { + errMsg := e.error + if e.vmerr != nil { + errMsg += fmt.Sprintf(" (%v)", e.vmerr) + } + if e.revert != "" { + errMsg += fmt.Sprintf(" (%s)", e.revert) + } + return errMsg } func DoEstimateGas(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args CallArgs, blockNrOrHash rpc.BlockNumberOrHash, gasCap *big.Int) (hexutil.Uint64, error) { @@ -908,19 +927,30 @@ func DoEstimateGas(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args CallArgs, blockNrOrHash args.From = new(common.Address) } // Create a helper to check if a gas allowance results in an executable transaction - executable := func(gas uint64) bool { + executable := func(gas uint64) (bool, *core.ExecutionResult, error) { args.Gas = (*hexutil.Uint64)(&gas) - _, _, failed, err := DoCall(ctx, b, args, blockNrOrHash, nil, vm.Config{}, 0, gasCap) - if err != nil || failed { - return false + result, err := DoCall(ctx, b, args, blockNrOrHash, nil, vm.Config{}, 0, gasCap) + if err != nil { + if err == core.ErrIntrinsicGas { + return true, nil, nil // Special case, raise gas limit + } + return true, nil, err // Bail out } - return true + return result.Failed(), result, nil } // Execute the binary search and hone in on an executable gas limit for lo+1 < hi { mid := (hi + lo) / 2 - if !executable(mid) { + failed, _, err := executable(mid) + + // If the error is not nil(consensus error), it means the provided message + // call or transaction will never be accepted no matter how much gas it is + // assigened. Return the error directly, don't struggle any more. + if err != nil { + return 0, err + } + if failed { lo = mid } else { hi = mid @@ -928,8 +958,29 @@ func DoEstimateGas(ctx context.Context, b Backend, args CallArgs, blockNrOrHash } // Reject the transaction as invalid if it still fails at the highest allowance if hi == cap { - if !executable(hi) { - return 0, fmt.Errorf("gas required exceeds allowance (%d) or always failing transaction", cap) + failed, result, err := executable(hi) + if err != nil { + return 0, err + } + if failed { + if result != nil && result.Err != vm.ErrOutOfGas { + var revert string + if len(result.Revert()) > 0 { + ret, err := abi.UnpackRevert(result.Revert()) + if err != nil { + revert = hexutil.Encode(result.Revert()) + } else { + revert = ret + } + } + return 0, estimateGasError{ + error: "always failing transaction", + vmerr: result.Err, + revert: revert, + } + } + // Otherwise, the specified gas cap is too low + return 0, estimateGasError{error: fmt.Sprintf("gas required exceeds allowance (%d)", cap)} } } return hexutil.Uint64(hi), nil diff --git a/les/odr_test.go b/les/odr_test.go index 5c9768606..01cc95695 100644 --- a/les/odr_test.go +++ b/les/odr_test.go @@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ func odrContractCall(ctx context.Context, db ethdb.Database, config *params.Chai //vmenv := core.NewEnv(statedb, config, bc, msg, header, vm.Config{}) gp := new(core.GasPool).AddGas(math.MaxUint64) - ret, _, _, _ := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, gp) - res = append(res, ret...) + result, _ := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, gp) + res = append(res, result.Return()...) } } else { header := lc.GetHeaderByHash(bhash) @@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ func odrContractCall(ctx context.Context, db ethdb.Database, config *params.Chai context := core.NewEVMContext(msg, header, lc, nil) vmenv := vm.NewEVM(context, state, config, vm.Config{}) gp := new(core.GasPool).AddGas(math.MaxUint64) - ret, _, _, _ := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, gp) + result, _ := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, gp) if state.Error() == nil { - res = append(res, ret...) + res = append(res, result.Return()...) } } } diff --git a/light/odr_test.go b/light/odr_test.go index 9149c02fc..ac702b6bb 100644 --- a/light/odr_test.go +++ b/light/odr_test.go @@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ func odrContractCall(ctx context.Context, db ethdb.Database, bc *core.BlockChain context := core.NewEVMContext(msg, header, chain, nil) vmenv := vm.NewEVM(context, st, config, vm.Config{}) gp := new(core.GasPool).AddGas(math.MaxUint64) - ret, _, _, _ := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, gp) - res = append(res, ret...) + result, _ := core.ApplyMessage(vmenv, msg, gp) + res = append(res, result.Return()...) if st.Error() != nil { return res, st.Error() } diff --git a/tests/state_test_util.go b/tests/state_test_util.go index 5e5b96d52..4cea4d39e 100644 --- a/tests/state_test_util.go +++ b/tests/state_test_util.go @@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ func (t *StateTest) RunNoVerify(subtest StateSubtest, vmconfig vm.Config, snapsh gaspool := new(core.GasPool) gaspool.AddGas(block.GasLimit()) snapshot := statedb.Snapshot() - if _, _, _, err := core.ApplyMessage(evm, msg, gaspool); err != nil { + if _, err := core.ApplyMessage(evm, msg, gaspool); err != nil { statedb.RevertToSnapshot(snapshot) } // Commit block