eth/catalyst: add timestamp checks to fcu and new payload and improve param checks (#28230)

This PR introduces a few changes with respect to payload verification in fcu and new payload requests:

* First of all, it undoes the `verifyPayloadAttributes(..)` simplification I attempted in #27872. 
* Adds timestamp validation to fcu payload attributes [as required](https://github.com/ethereum/execution-apis/blob/main/src/engine/cancun.md#specification-1) (section 2) by the Engine API spec. 
* For the new payload methods, I also update the verification of the executable data. For `newPayloadV2`, it does not currently ensure that cancun values are `nil`. Which could make it possible to submit cancun payloads through it. 
* On `newPayloadV3` the same types of checks are added. All shanghai and cancun related fields in the executable data must be non-nil, with the addition that the timestamp is _only_ with cancun.
* Finally it updates a newly failing catalyst test to call the correct fcu and new payload methods depending on the fork.

params/config.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"math/big"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params/forks"
 )
 
 // Genesis hashes to enforce below configs on.
@@ -750,6 +751,23 @@ func (c *ChainConfig) ElasticityMultiplier() uint64 {
 	return DefaultElasticityMultiplier
 }
 
+// LatestFork returns the latest time-based fork that would be active for the given time.
+func (c *ChainConfig) LatestFork(time uint64) forks.Fork {
+	// Assume last non-time-based fork has passed.
+	london := c.LondonBlock
+
+	switch {
+	case c.IsPrague(london, time):
+		return forks.Prague
+	case c.IsCancun(london, time):
+		return forks.Cancun
+	case c.IsShanghai(london, time):
+		return forks.Shanghai
+	default:
+		return forks.Paris
+	}
+}
+
 // isForkBlockIncompatible returns true if a fork scheduled at block s1 cannot be
 // rescheduled to block s2 because head is already past the fork.
 func isForkBlockIncompatible(s1, s2, head *big.Int) bool {