trie: use explicit errors in stacktrie (instead of panic) (#28361)

This PR removes panics from stacktrie (mostly), and makes the Update return errors instead. While adding tests for this, I also found that one case of possible corruption was not caught, which is now fixed.

core/state/snapshot/generate.go

@@ -230,7 +230,9 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) proveRange(ctx *generatorContext, trieId *trie.ID, prefix [
 	if origin == nil && !diskMore {
 		stackTr := trie.NewStackTrie(nil)
 		for i, key := range keys {
-			stackTr.Update(key, vals[i])
+			if err := stackTr.Update(key, vals[i]); err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
 		}
 		if gotRoot := stackTr.Hash(); gotRoot != root {
 			return &proofResult{