consensus/clique, core: chain maker clique + error tests

consensus/clique/clique.go

@@ -93,27 +93,33 @@ var (
 
 	// errMissingSignature is returned if a block's extra-data section doesn't seem
 	// to contain a 65 byte secp256k1 signature.
-	errMissingSignature = errors.New("extra-data 65 byte suffix signature missing")
+	errMissingSignature = errors.New("extra-data 65 byte signature suffix missing")
 
 	// errExtraSigners is returned if non-checkpoint block contain signer data in
 	// their extra-data fields.
 	errExtraSigners = errors.New("non-checkpoint block contains extra signer list")
 
 	// errInvalidCheckpointSigners is returned if a checkpoint block contains an
-	// invalid list of signers (i.e. non divisible by 20 bytes, or not the correct
+	// invalid list of signers (i.e. non divisible by 20 bytes).
-	// ones).
 	errInvalidCheckpointSigners = errors.New("invalid signer list on checkpoint block")
 
+	// errMismatchingCheckpointSigners is returned if a checkpoint block contains a
+	// list of signers different than the one the local node calculated.
+	errMismatchingCheckpointSigners = errors.New("mismatching signer list on checkpoint block")
+
 	// errInvalidMixDigest is returned if a block's mix digest is non-zero.
 	errInvalidMixDigest = errors.New("non-zero mix digest")
 
 	// errInvalidUncleHash is returned if a block contains an non-empty uncle list.
 	errInvalidUncleHash = errors.New("non empty uncle hash")
 
-	// errInvalidDifficulty is returned if the difficulty of a block is not either
+	// errInvalidDifficulty is returned if the difficulty of a block neither 1 or 2.
-	// of 1 or 2, or if the value does not match the turn of the signer.
 	errInvalidDifficulty = errors.New("invalid difficulty")
 
+	// errWrongDifficulty is returned if the difficulty of a block doesn't match the
+	// turn of the signer.
+	errWrongDifficulty = errors.New("wrong difficulty")
+
 	// ErrInvalidTimestamp is returned if the timestamp of a block is lower than
 	// the previous block's timestamp + the minimum block period.
 	ErrInvalidTimestamp = errors.New("invalid timestamp")
@@ -122,8 +128,12 @@ var (
 	// be modified via out-of-range or non-contiguous headers.
 	errInvalidVotingChain = errors.New("invalid voting chain")
 
-	// errUnauthorized is returned if a header is signed by a non-authorized entity.
+	// errUnauthorizedSigner is returned if a header is signed by a non-authorized entity.
-	errUnauthorized = errors.New("unauthorized")
+	errUnauthorizedSigner = errors.New("unauthorized signer")
+
+	// errRecentlySigned is returned if a header is signed by an authorized entity
+	// that already signed a header recently, thus is temporarily not allowed to.
+	errRecentlySigned = errors.New("recently signed")
 
 	// errWaitTransactions is returned if an empty block is attempted to be sealed
 	// on an instant chain (0 second period). It's important to refuse these as the
@@ -205,6 +215,9 @@ type Clique struct {
 	signer common.Address // Ethereum address of the signing key
 	signFn SignerFn       // Signer function to authorize hashes with
 	lock   sync.RWMutex   // Protects the signer fields
+
+	// The fields below are for testing only
+	fakeDiff bool // Skip difficulty verifications
 }
 
 // New creates a Clique proof-of-authority consensus engine with the initial
@@ -359,7 +372,7 @@ func (c *Clique) verifyCascadingFields(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *type
 		}
 		extraSuffix := len(header.Extra) - extraSeal
 		if !bytes.Equal(header.Extra[extraVanity:extraSuffix], signers) {
-			return errInvalidCheckpointSigners
+			return errMismatchingCheckpointSigners
 		}
 	}
 	// All basic checks passed, verify the seal and return
@@ -481,23 +494,25 @@ func (c *Clique) verifySeal(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, p
 		return err
 	}
 	if _, ok := snap.Signers[signer]; !ok {
-		return errUnauthorized
+		return errUnauthorizedSigner
 	}
 	for seen, recent := range snap.Recents {
 		if recent == signer {
 			// Signer is among recents, only fail if the current block doesn't shift it out
 			if limit := uint64(len(snap.Signers)/2 + 1); seen > number-limit {
-				return errUnauthorized
+				return errRecentlySigned
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	// Ensure that the difficulty corresponds to the turn-ness of the signer
-	inturn := snap.inturn(header.Number.Uint64(), signer)
+	if !c.fakeDiff {
-	if inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) != 0 {
+		inturn := snap.inturn(header.Number.Uint64(), signer)
-		return errInvalidDifficulty
+		if inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffInTurn) != 0 {
-	}
+			return errWrongDifficulty
-	if !inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) != 0 {
+		}
-		return errInvalidDifficulty
+		if !inturn && header.Difficulty.Cmp(diffNoTurn) != 0 {
+			return errWrongDifficulty
+		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -613,7 +628,7 @@ func (c *Clique) Seal(chain consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Block, results c
 		return err
 	}
 	if _, authorized := snap.Signers[signer]; !authorized {
-		return errUnauthorized
+		return errUnauthorizedSigner
 	}
 	// If we're amongst the recent signers, wait for the next block
 	for seen, recent := range snap.Recents {

consensus/clique/snapshot.go

@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ type Snapshot struct {
 	Tally   map[common.Address]Tally    `json:"tally"`   // Current vote tally to avoid recalculating
 }
 
-// signers implements the sort interface to allow sorting a list of addresses
+// signersAscending implements the sort interface to allow sorting a list of addresses
-type signers []common.Address
+type signersAscending []common.Address
 
-func (s signers) Len() int           { return len(s) }
+func (s signersAscending) Len() int           { return len(s) }
-func (s signers) Less(i, j int) bool { return bytes.Compare(s[i][:], s[j][:]) < 0 }
+func (s signersAscending) Less(i, j int) bool { return bytes.Compare(s[i][:], s[j][:]) < 0 }
-func (s signers) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
+func (s signersAscending) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }
 
 // newSnapshot creates a new snapshot with the specified startup parameters. This
 // method does not initialize the set of recent signers, so only ever use if for
@@ -214,11 +214,11 @@ func (s *Snapshot) apply(headers []*types.Header) (*Snapshot, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		if _, ok := snap.Signers[signer]; !ok {
-			return nil, errUnauthorized
+			return nil, errUnauthorizedSigner
 		}
 		for _, recent := range snap.Recents {
 			if recent == signer {
-				return nil, errUnauthorized
+				return nil, errRecentlySigned
 			}
 		}
 		snap.Recents[number] = signer
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ func (s *Snapshot) signers() []common.Address {
 	for sig := range s.Signers {
 		sigs = append(sigs, sig)
 	}
-	sort.Sort(signers(sigs))
+	sort.Sort(signersAscending(sigs))
 	return sigs
 }
 

consensus/clique/snapshot_test.go

@@ -19,24 +19,18 @@ package clique
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"math/big"
+	"sort"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 )
 
-type testerVote struct {
-	signer string
-	voted  string
-	auth   bool
-}
-
 // testerAccountPool is a pool to maintain currently active tester accounts,
 // mapped from textual names used in the tests below to actual Ethereum private
 // keys capable of signing transactions.
@@ -50,17 +44,26 @@ func newTesterAccountPool() *testerAccountPool {
 	}
 }
 
-func (ap *testerAccountPool) sign(header *types.Header, signer string) {
+// checkpoint creates a Clique checkpoint signer section from the provided list
-	// Ensure we have a persistent key for the signer
+// of authorized signers and embeds it into the provided header.
-	if ap.accounts[signer] == nil {
+func (ap *testerAccountPool) checkpoint(header *types.Header, signers []string) {
-		ap.accounts[signer], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
+	auths := make([]common.Address, len(signers))
+	for i, signer := range signers {
+		auths[i] = ap.address(signer)
+	}
+	sort.Sort(signersAscending(auths))
+	for i, auth := range auths {
+		copy(header.Extra[extraVanity+i*common.AddressLength:], auth.Bytes())
 	}
-	// Sign the header and embed the signature in extra data
-	sig, _ := crypto.Sign(sigHash(header).Bytes(), ap.accounts[signer])
-	copy(header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-65:], sig)
 }
 
+// address retrieves the Ethereum address of a tester account by label, creating
+// a new account if no previous one exists yet.
 func (ap *testerAccountPool) address(account string) common.Address {
+	// Return the zero account for non-addresses
+	if account == "" {
+		return common.Address{}
+	}
 	// Ensure we have a persistent key for the account
 	if ap.accounts[account] == nil {
 		ap.accounts[account], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
@@ -69,32 +72,38 @@ func (ap *testerAccountPool) address(account string) common.Address {
 	return crypto.PubkeyToAddress(ap.accounts[account].PublicKey)
 }
 
-// testerChainReader implements consensus.ChainReader to access the genesis
+// sign calculates a Clique digital signature for the given block and embeds it
-// block. All other methods and requests will panic.
+// back into the header.
-type testerChainReader struct {
+func (ap *testerAccountPool) sign(header *types.Header, signer string) {
-	db ethdb.Database
+	// Ensure we have a persistent key for the signer
-}
+	if ap.accounts[signer] == nil {
-
+		ap.accounts[signer], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
-func (r *testerChainReader) Config() *params.ChainConfig                 { return params.AllCliqueProtocolChanges }
-func (r *testerChainReader) CurrentHeader() *types.Header                { panic("not supported") }
-func (r *testerChainReader) GetHeader(common.Hash, uint64) *types.Header { panic("not supported") }
-func (r *testerChainReader) GetBlock(common.Hash, uint64) *types.Block   { panic("not supported") }
-func (r *testerChainReader) GetHeaderByHash(common.Hash) *types.Header   { panic("not supported") }
-func (r *testerChainReader) GetHeaderByNumber(number uint64) *types.Header {
-	if number == 0 {
-		return rawdb.ReadHeader(r.db, rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(r.db, 0), 0)
 	}
-	return nil
+	// Sign the header and embed the signature in extra data
+	sig, _ := crypto.Sign(sigHash(header).Bytes(), ap.accounts[signer])
+	copy(header.Extra[len(header.Extra)-extraSeal:], sig)
 }
 
-// Tests that voting is evaluated correctly for various simple and complex scenarios.
+// testerVote represents a single block signed by a parcitular account, where
-func TestVoting(t *testing.T) {
+// the account may or may not have cast a Clique vote.
+type testerVote struct {
+	signer     string
+	voted      string
+	auth       bool
+	checkpoint []string
+	newbatch   bool
+}
+
+// Tests that Clique signer voting is evaluated correctly for various simple and
+// complex scenarios, as well as that a few special corner cases fail correctly.
+func TestClique(t *testing.T) {
 	// Define the various voting scenarios to test
 	tests := []struct {
 		epoch   uint64
 		signers []string
 		votes   []testerVote
 		results []string
+		failure error
 	}{
 		{
 			// Single signer, no votes cast
@@ -322,10 +331,49 @@ func TestVoting(t *testing.T) {
 			votes: []testerVote{
 				{signer: "A", voted: "C", auth: true},
 				{signer: "B"},
-				{signer: "A"}, // Checkpoint block, (don't vote here, it's validated outside of snapshots)
+				{signer: "A", checkpoint: []string{"A", "B"}},
 				{signer: "B", voted: "C", auth: true},
 			},
 			results: []string{"A", "B"},
+		}, {
+			// An unauthorized signer should not be able to sign blocks
+			signers: []string{"A"},
+			votes: []testerVote{
+				{signer: "B"},
+			},
+			failure: errUnauthorizedSigner,
+		}, {
+			// An authorized signer that signed recenty should not be able to sign again
+			signers: []string{"A", "B"},
+			votes: []testerVote{
+				{signer: "A"},
+				{signer: "A"},
+			},
+			failure: errRecentlySigned,
+		}, {
+			// Recent signatures should not reset on checkpoint blocks imported in a batch
+			epoch:   3,
+			signers: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
+			votes: []testerVote{
+				{signer: "A"},
+				{signer: "B"},
+				{signer: "A", checkpoint: []string{"A", "B", "C"}},
+				{signer: "A"},
+			},
+			failure: errRecentlySigned,
+		}, {
+			// Recent signatures should not reset on checkpoint blocks imported in a new
+			// batch (https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/17593). Whilst this
+			// seems overly specific and weird, it was a Rinkeby consensus split.
+			epoch:   3,
+			signers: []string{"A", "B", "C"},
+			votes: []testerVote{
+				{signer: "A"},
+				{signer: "B"},
+				{signer: "A", checkpoint: []string{"A", "B", "C"}},
+				{signer: "A", newbatch: true},
+			},
+			failure: errRecentlySigned,
 		},
 	}
 	// Run through the scenarios and test them
@@ -356,28 +404,78 @@ func TestVoting(t *testing.T) {
 		genesis.Commit(db)
 
 		// Assemble a chain of headers from the cast votes
-		headers := make([]*types.Header, len(tt.votes))
+		config := *params.TestChainConfig
-		for j, vote := range tt.votes {
+		config.Clique = &params.CliqueConfig{
-			headers[j] = &types.Header{
+			Period: 1,
-				Number:   big.NewInt(int64(j) + 1),
+			Epoch:  tt.epoch,
-				Time:     big.NewInt(int64(j) * 15),
+		}
-				Coinbase: accounts.address(vote.voted),
+		engine := New(config.Clique, db)
-				Extra:    make([]byte, extraVanity+extraSeal),
+		engine.fakeDiff = true
+
+		blocks, _ := core.GenerateChain(&config, genesis.ToBlock(db), engine, db, len(tt.votes), func(j int, gen *core.BlockGen) {
+			// Cast the vote contained in this block
+			gen.SetCoinbase(accounts.address(tt.votes[j].voted))
+			if tt.votes[j].auth {
+				var nonce types.BlockNonce
+				copy(nonce[:], nonceAuthVote)
+				gen.SetNonce(nonce)
 			}
+		})
+		// Iterate through the blocks and seal them individually
+		for j, block := range blocks {
+			// Geth the header and prepare it for signing
+			header := block.Header()
 			if j > 0 {
-				headers[j].ParentHash = headers[j-1].Hash()
+				header.ParentHash = blocks[j-1].Hash()
 			}
-			if vote.auth {
+			header.Extra = make([]byte, extraVanity+extraSeal)
-				copy(headers[j].Nonce[:], nonceAuthVote)
+			if auths := tt.votes[j].checkpoint; auths != nil {
+				header.Extra = make([]byte, extraVanity+len(auths)*common.AddressLength+extraSeal)
+				accounts.checkpoint(header, auths)
 			}
-			accounts.sign(headers[j], vote.signer)
+			header.Difficulty = diffInTurn // Ignored, we just need a valid number
+
+			// Generate the signature, embed it into the header and the block
+			accounts.sign(header, tt.votes[j].signer)
+			blocks[j] = block.WithSeal(header)
+		}
+		// Split the blocks up into individual import batches (cornercase testing)
+		batches := [][]*types.Block{nil}
+		for j, block := range blocks {
+			if tt.votes[j].newbatch {
+				batches = append(batches, nil)
+			}
+			batches[len(batches)-1] = append(batches[len(batches)-1], block)
 		}
 		// Pass all the headers through clique and ensure tallying succeeds
-		head := headers[len(headers)-1]
+		chain, err := core.NewBlockChain(db, nil, &config, engine, vm.Config{})
-
-		snap, err := New(&params.CliqueConfig{Epoch: tt.epoch}, db).snapshot(&testerChainReader{db: db}, head.Number.Uint64(), head.Hash(), headers)
 		if err != nil {
-			t.Errorf("test %d: failed to create voting snapshot: %v", i, err)
+			t.Errorf("test %d: failed to create test chain: %v", i, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		failed := false
+		for j := 0; j < len(batches)-1; j++ {
+			if k, err := chain.InsertChain(batches[j]); err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("test %d: failed to import batch %d, block %d: %v", i, j, k, err)
+				failed = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if failed {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, err = chain.InsertChain(batches[len(batches)-1]); err != tt.failure {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: failure mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, err, tt.failure)
+		}
+		if tt.failure != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		// No failure was produced or requested, generate the final voting snapshot
+		head := blocks[len(blocks)-1]
+
+		snap, err := engine.snapshot(chain, head.NumberU64(), head.Hash(), nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("test %d: failed to retrieve voting snapshot: %v", i, err)
 			continue
 		}
 		// Verify the final list of signers against the expected ones

core/chain_makers.go

@@ -67,6 +67,11 @@ func (b *BlockGen) SetExtra(data []byte) {
 	b.header.Extra = data
 }
 
+// SetNonce sets the nonce field of the generated block.
+func (b *BlockGen) SetNonce(nonce types.BlockNonce) {
+	b.header.Nonce = nonce
+}
+
 // AddTx adds a transaction to the generated block. If no coinbase has
 // been set, the block's coinbase is set to the zero address.
 //
@@ -190,13 +195,14 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 		if config.DAOForkSupport && config.DAOForkBlock != nil && config.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(b.header.Number) == 0 {
 			misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(statedb)
 		}
-		// Execute any user modifications to the block and finalize it
+		// Execute any user modifications to the block
 		if gen != nil {
 			gen(i, b)
 		}
-
 		if b.engine != nil {
+			// Finalize and seal the block
 			block, _ := b.engine.Finalize(b.chainReader, b.header, statedb, b.txs, b.uncles, b.receipts)
+
 			// Write state changes to db
 			root, err := statedb.Commit(config.IsEIP158(b.header.Number))
 			if err != nil {

miner/worker_test.go

@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ func testPendingStateAndBlock(t *testing.T, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, eng
 		t.Errorf("account balance mismatch: have %d, want %d", balance, 1000)
 	}
 	b.txPool.AddLocals(newTxs)
+
 	// Ensure the new tx events has been processed
 	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
 	block, state = w.pending()