// Copyright 2018 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

/*
Package packages loads Go packages for inspection and analysis.

NOTE: THIS PACKAGE IS NOT YET READY FOR WIDESPREAD USE:
 - The interface is still being reivsed and is likely to change.
 - The implementation depends on the Go 1.11 go command.
 - We intend to finalize the API before Go 1.11 is released.

The three loaders Metadata, TypeCheck, and WholeProgram provide differing
amounts of detail about the loaded packages but otherwise behave the same.
All three take as input a list of patterns and return a list of Package structs
describing individual packages matched by those patterns.

The patterns are used as arguments to the underlying build tool,
such as the go command or Bazel, and are interpreted according to
that tool's conventions.

The Package struct provides basic information about the package, including

  - ID, a unique identifier for the package in the returned set;
  - PkgPath, the import path for the package when used in a build;
  - Srcs, the names of the package's Go source files;
  - Imports, a map from source import strings to the Packages they name;
  - Type, the type information for the package's exported symbols;
  - Files, the parsed syntax trees for the package's source code; and
  - Info, the result of a complete type-check of the package syntax trees.

(See the documentation for type Package for the complete list of fields
and more detailed descriptions.)

For example,

	Metadata(nil, "bytes", "unicode...")

returns four Package structs describing the standard library packages
bytes, unicode, unicode/utf16, and unicode/utf8. Note that one pattern
can match multiple packages and that a package might be matched by
multiple patterns: in general it is not possible to determine which
packages correspond to which patterns.

Note that the list returned by the loader (Metadata in this case)
only contains the packages matched by the patterns. Their dependencies
can be found by walking the import graph using the Imports fields.

As noted earlier, the three loaders provide increasing amounts of detail
about the loaded packages.

Metadata loads information about package location, source files, and imports.

TypeCheck adds type information for all packages, including dependencies,
and type-checked syntax trees only for the packages matched by the patterns.

WholeProgram adds type-checked syntax trees for all packages,
including dependencies.

The loaders can be configured by passing a non-nil Options struct as
the first argument. See the documentation for type Options for details.

Most tools should pass their command-line arguments (after any flags)
uninterpreted to the loader, so that the loader can interpret them
according to the conventions of the underlying build system.
For example, this program prints the names of the source files
for each package listed on the command line:

	package main

	import (
		"flag"
		"fmt"
		"log"

		"golang.org/x/tools/go/packages"
	)

	func main() {
		flag.Parse()
		pkgs, err := packages.Metadata(nil, flag.Args()...)
		if err != nil {
			log.Fatal(err)
		}
		for _, pkg := range pkgs {
			fmt.Print(pkg.ID, pkg.Srcs)
		}
	}
*/
package packages // import "golang.org/x/tools/go/packages"

/*

Motivation and design considerations

The new package's design solves problems addressed by two existing
packages: go/build, which locates and describes packages, and
golang.org/x/tools/go/loader, which loads, parses and type-checks them.
The go/build.Package structure encodes too much of the 'go build' way
of organizing projects, leaving us in need of a data type that describes a
package of Go source code independent of the underlying build system.
We wanted something that works equally well with go build and vgo, and
also other build systems such as Bazel and Blaze, making it possible to
construct analysis tools that work in all these environments.
Tools such as errcheck and staticcheck were essentially unavailable to
the Go community at Google, and some of Google's internal tools for Go
are unavailable externally.
This new package provides a uniform way to obtain package metadata by
querying each of these build systems, optionally supporting their
preferred command-line notations for packages, so that tools integrate
neatly with users' build environments. The Metadata query function
executes an external query tool appropriate to the current workspace.

Loading packages always returns the complete import graph "all the way down",
even if all you want is information about a single package, because the query
mechanisms of all the build systems we currently support ({go,vgo} list, and
blaze/bazel aspect-based query) cannot provide detailed information
about one package without visiting all its dependencies too, so there is
no additional asymptotic cost to providing transitive information.
(This property might not be true of a hypothetical 5th build system.)

This package provides no parse-but-don't-typecheck operation because most tools
that need only untyped syntax (such as gofmt, goimports, and golint)
seem not to care about any files other than the ones they are directly
instructed to look at.  Also, it is trivial for a client to supplement
this functionality on top of a Metadata query.

In calls to TypeCheck, all initial packages, and any package that
transitively depends on one of them, must be loaded from source.
Consider A->B->C->D->E: if A,C are initial, A,B,C must be loaded from
source; D may be loaded from export data, and E may not be loaded at all
(though it's possible that D's export data mentions it, so a
types.Package may be created for it and exposed.)

The old loader had a feature to suppress type-checking of function
bodies on a per-package basis, primarily intended to reduce the work of
obtaining type information for imported packages. Now that imports are
satisfied by export data, the optimization no longer seems necessary.

Despite some early attempts, the old loader did not exploit export data,
instead always using the equivalent of WholeProgram mode. This was due
to the complexity of mixing source and export data packages (now
resolved by the upward traversal mentioned above), and because export data
files were nearly always missing or stale. Now that 'go build' supports
caching, all the underlying build systems can guarantee to produce
export data in a reasonable (amortized) time.

Test "main" packages synthesized by the build system are now reported as
first-class packages, avoiding the need for clients (such as go/ssa) to
reinvent this generation logic.

One way in which go/packages is simpler than the old loader is in its
treatment of in-package tests. In-package tests are packages that
consist of all the files of the library under test, plus the test files.
The old loader constructed in-package tests by a two-phase process of
mutation called "augmentation": first it would construct and type check
all the ordinary library packages and type-check the packages that
depend on them; then it would add more (test) files to the package and
type-check again. This two-phase approach had four major problems:
1) in processing the tests, the loader modified the library package,
   leaving no way for a client application to see both the test
   package and the library package; one would mutate into the other.
2) because test files can declare additional methods on types defined in
   the library portion of the package, the dispatch of method calls in
   the library portion was affected by the presence of the test files.
   This should have been a clue that the packages were logically
   different.
3) this model of "augmentation" assumed at most one in-package test
   per library package, which is true of projects using 'go build',
   but not other build systems.
4) because of the two-phase nature of test processing, all packages that
   import the library package had to be processed before augmentation,
   forcing a "one-shot" API and preventing the client from calling Load
   in several times in sequence as is now possible in WholeProgram mode.
   (TypeCheck mode has a similar one-shot restriction for a different reason.)

Early drafts of this package supported "multi-shot" operation
in the Metadata and WholeProgram modes, although this feature is not exposed
through the API and will likely be removed.
Although it allowed clients to make a sequence of calls (or concurrent
calls) to Load, building up the graph of Packages incrementally,
it was of marginal value: it complicated the API
(since it allowed some options to vary across calls but not others),
it complicated the implementation,
it cannot be made to work in TypeCheck mode, as explained above,
and it was less efficient than making one combined call (when this is possible).
Among the clients we have inspected, none made multiple calls to load
but could not be easily and satisfactorily modified to make only a single call.
However, applications changes may be required.
For example, the ssadump command loads the user-specified packages
and in addition the runtime package.  It is tempting to simply append
"runtime" to the user-provided list, but that does not work if the user
specified an ad-hoc package such as [a.go b.go].
Instead, ssadump no longer requests the runtime package,
but seeks it among the dependencies of the user-specified packages,
and emits an error if it is not found.

Overlays: the ParseFile hook in the API permits clients to vary the way
in which ASTs are obtained from filenames; the default implementation is
based on parser.ParseFile. This features enables editor-integrated tools
that analyze the contents of modified but unsaved buffers: rather than
read from the file system, a tool can read from an archive of modified
buffers provided by the editor.
This approach has its limits. Because package metadata is obtained by
fork/execing an external query command for each build system, we can
fake only the file contents seen by the parser, type-checker, and
application, but not by the metadata query, so, for example:
- additional imports in the fake file will not be described by the
  metadata, so the type checker will fail to load imports that create
  new dependencies.
- in TypeCheck mode, because export data is produced by the query
  command, it will not reflect the fake file contents.
- this mechanism cannot add files to a package without first saving them.

Questions & Tasks

- Add GOARCH/GOOS?
  They are not portable concepts, but could be made portable.
  Our goal has been to allow users to express themselves using the conventions
  of the underlying build system: if the build system honors GOARCH
  during a build and during a metadata query, then so should
  applications built atop that query mechanism.
  Conversely, if the target architecture of the build is determined by
  command-line flags, the application can pass the relevant
  flags through to the build system using a command such as:
    myapp -query_flag="--cpu=amd64" -query_flag="--os=darwin"
  However, this approach is low-level, unwieldy, and non-portable.
  GOOS and GOARCH seem important enough to warrant a dedicated option.

- How should we handle partial failures such as a mixture of good and
  malformed patterns, existing and non-existent packages, succesful and
  failed builds, import failures, import cycles, and so on, in a call to
  Load?

- Do we need a GeneratedBy map that maps the name of each generated Go
  source file in Srcs to that of the original file, if known, or "" otherwise?
  Or are //line directives and "Generated" comments in those files enough?

- Support bazel, blaze, and go1.10 list, not just go1.11 list.

- Support a "contains" query: a boolean option would cause the the
  pattern words to be interpreted as filenames, and the query would
  return the package(s) to which the file(s) belong.

- Handle (and test) various partial success cases, e.g.
  a mixture of good packages and:
  invalid patterns
  nonexistent packages
  empty packages
  packages with malformed package or import declarations
  unreadable files
  import cycles
  other parse errors
  type errors
  Make sure we record errors at the correct place in the graph.

- Missing packages among initial arguments are not reported.
  Return bogus packages for them, like golist does.

- "undeclared name" errors (for example) are reported out of source file
  order. I suspect this is due to the breadth-first resolution now used
  by go/types. Is that a bug? Discuss with gri.

- https://github.com/golang/go/issues/25980 causes these commands to crash:
  $ GOPATH=/none ./gopackages -all all
  due to:
  $ GOPATH=/none go list -e -test -json all
  and:
  $ go list -e -test ./relative/path

- Modify stringer to use go/packages, perhaps initially under flag control.

- Bug: "gopackages fmt a.go" doesn't produce an error.

- If necessary, add back an IsTest boolean or expose ForTests on the Package struct.
  IsTest was removed because we couldn't agree on a useful definition.

*/