mirror of
https://github.com/ethereum/solidity
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238 lines
9.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
238 lines
9.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _inline-assembly:
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###############
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Inline Assembly
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###############
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.. index:: ! assembly, ! asm, ! evmasm
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You can interleave Solidity statements with inline assembly in a language close
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to the one of the Ethereum virtual machine. This gives you more fine-grained control,
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which is especially useful when you are enhancing the language by writing libraries.
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The language used for inline assembly in Solidity is called :ref:`Yul <yul>`
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and it is documented in its own section. This section will only cover
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how the inline assembly code can interface with the surrounding Solidity code.
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.. warning::
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Inline assembly is a way to access the Ethereum Virtual Machine
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at a low level. This bypasses several important safety
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features and checks of Solidity. You should only use it for
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tasks that need it, and only if you are confident with using it.
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An inline assembly block is marked by ``assembly { ... }``, where the code inside
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the curly braces is code in the :ref:`Yul <yul>` language.
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The inline assembly code can access local Solidity variables as explained below.
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Different inline assembly blocks share no namespace, i.e. it is not possible
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to call a Yul function or access a Yul variable defined in a different inline assembly block.
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Example
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-------
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The following example provides library code to access the code of another contract and
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load it into a ``bytes`` variable. This is not possible with "plain Solidity" and the
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idea is that reusable assembly libraries can enhance the Solidity language
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without a compiler change.
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.. code::
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// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
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pragma solidity >=0.4.16 <0.9.0;
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library GetCode {
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function at(address _addr) public view returns (bytes memory o_code) {
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assembly {
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// retrieve the size of the code, this needs assembly
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let size := extcodesize(_addr)
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// allocate output byte array - this could also be done without assembly
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// by using o_code = new bytes(size)
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o_code := mload(0x40)
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// new "memory end" including padding
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mstore(0x40, add(o_code, and(add(add(size, 0x20), 0x1f), not(0x1f))))
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// store length in memory
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mstore(o_code, size)
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// actually retrieve the code, this needs assembly
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extcodecopy(_addr, add(o_code, 0x20), 0, size)
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}
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}
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}
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Inline assembly is also beneficial in cases where the optimizer fails to produce
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efficient code, for example:
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.. code::
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// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
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pragma solidity >=0.4.16 <0.9.0;
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library VectorSum {
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// This function is less efficient because the optimizer currently fails to
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// remove the bounds checks in array access.
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function sumSolidity(uint[] memory _data) public pure returns (uint sum) {
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for (uint i = 0; i < _data.length; ++i)
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sum += _data[i];
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}
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// We know that we only access the array in bounds, so we can avoid the check.
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// 0x20 needs to be added to an array because the first slot contains the
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// array length.
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function sumAsm(uint[] memory _data) public pure returns (uint sum) {
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for (uint i = 0; i < _data.length; ++i) {
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assembly {
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sum := add(sum, mload(add(add(_data, 0x20), mul(i, 0x20))))
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}
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}
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}
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// Same as above, but accomplish the entire code within inline assembly.
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function sumPureAsm(uint[] memory _data) public pure returns (uint sum) {
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assembly {
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// Load the length (first 32 bytes)
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let len := mload(_data)
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// Skip over the length field.
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//
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// Keep temporary variable so it can be incremented in place.
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//
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// NOTE: incrementing _data would result in an unusable
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// _data variable after this assembly block
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let data := add(_data, 0x20)
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// Iterate until the bound is not met.
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for
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{ let end := add(data, mul(len, 0x20)) }
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lt(data, end)
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{ data := add(data, 0x20) }
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{
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sum := add(sum, mload(data))
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}
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}
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}
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}
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Access to External Variables, Functions and Libraries
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-----------------------------------------------------
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You can access Solidity variables and other identifiers by using their name.
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Local variables of value type are directly usable in inline assembly.
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Local variables that refer to memory or calldata evaluate to the
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address of the variable in memory, resp. calldata, not the value itself.
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For local storage variables or state variables, a single Yul identifier
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is not sufficient, since they do not necessarily occupy a single full storage slot.
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Therefore, their "address" is composed of a slot and a byte-offset
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inside that slot. To retrieve the slot pointed to by the variable ``x``, you
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use ``x.slot``, and to retrieve the byte-offset you use ``x.offset``.
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Using ``x`` itself will result in an error.
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Local Solidity variables are available for assignments, for example:
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.. code::
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// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
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pragma solidity >0.6.99 <0.9.0;
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contract C {
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uint b;
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function f(uint x) public view returns (uint r) {
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assembly {
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// We ignore the storage slot offset, we know it is zero
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// in this special case.
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r := mul(x, sload(b.slot))
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}
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}
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}
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.. warning::
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If you access variables of a type that spans less than 256 bits
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(for example ``uint64``, ``address``, ``bytes16`` or ``byte``),
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you cannot make any assumptions about bits not part of the
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encoding of the type. Especially, do not assume them to be zero.
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To be safe, always clear the data properly before you use it
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in a context where this is important:
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``uint32 x = f(); assembly { x := and(x, 0xffffffff) /* now use x */ }``
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To clean signed types, you can use the ``signextend`` opcode:
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``assembly { signextend(<num_bytes_of_x_minus_one>, x) }``
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Since Solidity 0.6.0 the name of a inline assembly variable may not
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shadow any declaration visible in the scope of the inline assembly block
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(including variable, contract and function declarations).
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Since Solidity 0.7.0, variables and functions declared inside the
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inline assembly block may not contain ``.``, but using ``.`` is
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valid to access Solidity variables from outside the inline assembly block.
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Assignments are possible to assembly-local variables and to function-local
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variables. Take care that when you assign to variables that point to
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memory or storage, you will only change the pointer and not the data.
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You can assign to the ``.slot`` part of a local storage variable pointer.
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For these (structs, arrays or mappings), the ``.offset`` part is always zero.
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It is not possible to assign to the ``.slot`` or ``.offset`` part of a state variable,
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though.
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Things to Avoid
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---------------
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Inline assembly might have a quite high-level look, but it actually is extremely
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low-level. Function calls, loops, ifs and switches are converted by simple
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rewriting rules and after that, the only thing the assembler does for you is re-arranging
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functional-style opcodes, counting stack height for
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variable access and removing stack slots for assembly-local variables when the end
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of their block is reached.
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Conventions in Solidity
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-----------------------
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In contrast to EVM assembly, Solidity has types which are narrower than 256 bits,
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e.g. ``uint24``. For efficiency, most arithmetic operations ignore the fact that
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types can be shorter than 256
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bits, and the higher-order bits are cleaned when necessary,
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i.e., shortly before they are written to memory or before comparisons are performed.
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This means that if you access such a variable
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from within inline assembly, you might have to manually clean the higher-order bits
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first.
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Solidity manages memory in the following way. There is a "free memory pointer"
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at position ``0x40`` in memory. If you want to allocate memory, use the memory
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starting from where this pointer points at and update it.
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There is no guarantee that the memory has not been used before and thus
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you cannot assume that its contents are zero bytes.
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There is no built-in mechanism to release or free allocated memory.
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Here is an assembly snippet you can use for allocating memory that follows the process outlined above::
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function allocate(length) -> pos {
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pos := mload(0x40)
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mstore(0x40, add(pos, length))
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}
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The first 64 bytes of memory can be used as "scratch space" for short-term
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allocation. The 32 bytes after the free memory pointer (i.e., starting at ``0x60``)
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are meant to be zero permanently and is used as the initial value for
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empty dynamic memory arrays.
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This means that the allocatable memory starts at ``0x80``, which is the initial value
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of the free memory pointer.
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Elements in memory arrays in Solidity always occupy multiples of 32 bytes (this is
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even true for ``byte[]``, but not for ``bytes`` and ``string``). Multi-dimensional memory
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arrays are pointers to memory arrays. The length of a dynamic array is stored at the
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first slot of the array and followed by the array elements.
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.. warning::
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Statically-sized memory arrays do not have a length field, but it might be added later
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to allow better convertibility between statically- and dynamically-sized arrays, so
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do not rely on this.
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