mirror of
https://github.com/ethereum/solidity
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294 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
294 lines
11 KiB
ReStructuredText
********************************
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Layout of a Solidity Source File
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********************************
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Source files can contain an arbitrary number of
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:ref:`contract definitions<contract_structure>`, import_ directives
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and :ref:`pragma directives<pragma>`.
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.. index:: ! pragma
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.. _pragma:
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Pragmas
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=======
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The ``pragma`` keyword can be used to enable certain compiler features
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or checks. A pragma directive is always local to a source file, so
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you have to add the pragma to all your files if you want enable it
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in all of your project. If you :ref:`import<import>` another file, the pragma
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from that file will not automatically apply to the importing file.
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.. index:: ! pragma, version
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.. _version_pragma:
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Version Pragma
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--------------
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Source files can (and should) be annotated with a so-called version pragma to reject
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being compiled with future compiler versions that might introduce incompatible
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changes. We try to keep such changes to an absolute minimum and especially
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introduce changes in a way that changes in semantics will also require changes
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in the syntax, but this is of course not always possible. Because of that, it is always
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a good idea to read through the changelog at least for releases that contain
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breaking changes, those releases will always have versions of the form
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``0.x.0`` or ``x.0.0``.
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The version pragma is used as follows::
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pragma solidity ^0.4.0;
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Such a source file will not compile with a compiler earlier than version 0.4.0
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and it will also not work on a compiler starting from version 0.5.0 (this
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second condition is added by using ``^``). The idea behind this is that
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there will be no breaking changes until version ``0.5.0``, so we can always
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be sure that our code will compile the way we intended it to. We do not fix
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the exact version of the compiler, so that bugfix releases are still possible.
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It is possible to specify much more complex rules for the compiler version,
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the expression follows those used by `npm <https://docs.npmjs.com/misc/semver>`_.
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.. note::
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Using the version pragma will *not* change the version of the compiler.
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It will also *not* enable or disable features of the compiler. It will just
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instruct the compiler to check whether its version matches the one
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required by the pragma. If it does not match, the compiler will issue
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an error.
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.. index:: ! pragma, experimental
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.. _experimental_pragma:
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Experimental Pragma
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-------------------
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The second pragma is the experimental pragma. It can be used to enable
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features of the compiler or language that are not yet enabled by default.
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The following experimental pragmas are currently supported:
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ABIEncoderV2
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The new ABI encoder is able to encode and decode arbitrarily nested
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arrays and structs. It produces less optimal code (the optimizer
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for this part of the code is still under development) and has not
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received as much testing as the old encoder. You can activate it
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using ``pragma experimental ABIEncoderV2;``.
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.. _smt_checker:
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SMTChecker
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~~~~~~~~~~
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This component has to be enabled when the Solidity compiler is built
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and therefore it is not available in all Solidity binaries.
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The :ref:`build instructions<smt_solvers_build>` explain how to activate this option.
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It is activated for the Ubuntu PPA releases in most versions,
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but not for solc-js, the Docker images, Windows binaries or the
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statically-built Linux binaries.
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If you use
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``pragma experimental SMTChecker;``, then you get additional
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safety warnings which are obtained by querying an SMT solver.
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The component does not yet support all features of the Solidity language
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and likely outputs many warnings. In case it reports unsupported
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features, the analysis may not be fully sound.
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.. index:: source file, ! import
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.. _import:
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Importing other Source Files
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============================
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Syntax and Semantics
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--------------------
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Solidity supports import statements that are very similar to those available in JavaScript
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(from ES6 on), although Solidity does not know the concept of a "default export".
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At a global level, you can use import statements of the following form:
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::
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import "filename";
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This statement imports all global symbols from "filename" (and symbols imported there) into the
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current global scope (different than in ES6 but backwards-compatible for Solidity).
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This simple form is not recommended for use, because it pollutes the namespace in an
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unpredictable way: If you add new top-level items inside "filename", they will automatically
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appear in all files that import like this from "filename". It is better to import specific
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symbols explicitly.
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The following example creates a new global symbol ``symbolName`` whose members are all
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the global symbols from ``"filename"``.
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::
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import * as symbolName from "filename";
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If there is a naming collision, you can also rename symbols while importing.
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This code
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creates new global symbols ``alias`` and ``symbol2`` which reference ``symbol1`` and ``symbol2`` from inside ``"filename"``, respectively.
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::
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import {symbol1 as alias, symbol2} from "filename";
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Another syntax is not part of ES6, but probably convenient:
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::
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import "filename" as symbolName;
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which is equivalent to ``import * as symbolName from "filename";``.
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Paths
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-----
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In the above, ``filename`` is always treated as a path with ``/`` as directory separator,
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``.`` as the current and ``..`` as the parent directory. When ``.`` or ``..`` is followed by a character except ``/``,
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it is not considered as the current or the parent directory.
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All path names are treated as absolute paths unless they start with the current ``.`` or the parent directory ``..``.
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To import a file ``x`` from the same directory as the current file, use ``import "./x" as x;``.
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If you use ``import "x" as x;`` instead, a different file could be referenced
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(in a global "include directory").
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It depends on the compiler (see below) how to actually resolve the paths.
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In general, the directory hierarchy does not need to strictly map onto your local
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filesystem, it can also map to resources discovered via e.g. ipfs, http or git.
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.. note::
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Always use relative imports like ``import "./filename.sol";`` and avoid
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using ``..`` in path specifiers. In the latter case, it is probably better to use
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global paths and set up remappings as explained below.
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Use in Actual Compilers
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-----------------------
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When invoking the compiler, you can specify how to discover the first element
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of a path, and also path prefix remappings. For
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example you can setup a remapping so that everything imported from the virtual
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directory ``github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/library`` would actually be read from
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your local directory ``/usr/local/dapp-bin/library``.
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If multiple remappings apply, the one with the longest key is tried first.
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An empty prefix is not allowed. The remappings can depend on a context,
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which allows you to configure packages to import e.g., different versions of a
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library of the same name.
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**solc**:
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For solc (the commandline compiler), you provide these path remappings as
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``context:prefix=target`` arguments, where both the ``context:`` and the
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``=target`` parts are optional (``target`` defaults to ``prefix`` in this
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case). All remapping values that are regular files are compiled (including
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their dependencies).
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This mechanism is backwards-compatible (as long
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as no filename contains ``=`` or ``:``) and thus not a breaking change. All
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files in or below the ``context`` directory that import a file that starts with
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``prefix`` are redirected by replacing ``prefix`` by ``target``.
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For example, if you clone ``github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/`` locally to
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``/usr/local/dapp-bin``, you can use the following in your source file:
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::
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import "github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/library/iterable_mapping.sol" as it_mapping;
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Then run the compiler:
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.. code-block:: bash
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solc github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/=/usr/local/dapp-bin/ source.sol
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As a more complex example, suppose you rely on a module that uses an old
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version of dapp-bin that you checked out to ``/usr/local/dapp-bin_old``, then you can run:
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.. code-block:: bash
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solc module1:github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/=/usr/local/dapp-bin/ \
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module2:github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/=/usr/local/dapp-bin_old/ \
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source.sol
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This means that all imports in ``module2`` point to the old version but imports
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in ``module1`` point to the new version.
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.. note::
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``solc`` only allows you to include files from certain directories. They have
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to be in the directory (or subdirectory) of one of the explicitly specified
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source files or in the directory (or subdirectory) of a remapping target. If
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you want to allow direct absolute includes, add the remapping ``/=/``.
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If there are multiple remappings that lead to a valid file, the remapping
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with the longest common prefix is chosen.
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**Remix**:
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`Remix <https://remix.ethereum.org/>`_ provides an automatic remapping for
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GitHub and automatically retrieves the file over the network. You can import
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the iterable mapping as above, e.g.
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::
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import "github.com/ethereum/dapp-bin/library/iterable_mapping.sol" as it_mapping;
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Remix may add other source code providers in the future.
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.. index:: ! comment, natspec
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Comments
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========
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Single-line comments (``//``) and multi-line comments (``/*...*/``) are possible.
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::
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// This is a single-line comment.
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/*
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This is a
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multi-line comment.
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*/
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.. note::
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A single-line comment is terminated by any unicode line terminator
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(LF, VF, FF, CR, NEL, LS or PS) in utf8 encoding. The terminator is still part of
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the source code after the comment, so if it is not an ascii symbol
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(these are NEL, LS and PS), it will lead to a parser error.
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Additionally, there is another type of comment called a natspec comment,
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for which the documentation is not yet written. They are written with a
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triple slash (``///``) or a double asterisk block(``/** ... */``) and
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they should be used directly above function declarations or statements.
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You can use `Doxygen <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxygen>`_-style tags inside these comments to document
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functions, annotate conditions for formal verification, and provide a
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**confirmation text** which is shown to users when they attempt to invoke a
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function.
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In the following example we document the title of the contract, the explanation
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for the two input parameters and two returned values.
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::
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pragma solidity >=0.4.0 <0.6.0;
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/** @title Shape calculator. */
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contract ShapeCalculator {
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/** @dev Calculates a rectangle's surface and perimeter.
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* @param w Width of the rectangle.
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* @param h Height of the rectangle.
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* @return s The calculated surface.
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* @return p The calculated perimeter.
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*/
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function rectangle(uint w, uint h) public pure returns (uint s, uint p) {
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s = w * h;
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p = 2 * (w + h);
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}
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}
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