cerc-io/solidity
15
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/ethereum/solidity synced 2023-10-03 13:03:40 +00:00
Code Issues Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

Merge pull request #3604 from ethereum/docs-update

Browse Source 
Introduce VM version ('hard fork') column for assembly opcodes
This commit is contained in:
chriseth 2018-02-27 11:58:32 +01:00 committed by GitHub
commit 9c31a0d8f5
No known key found for this signature in database
GPG Key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23
2 changed files with 242 additions and 239 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

328
docs/assembly.rst
View File

@ -153,6 +153,8 @@ If an opcode takes arguments (always from the top of the stack), they are given
Note that the order of arguments can be seen to be reversed in non-functional style (explained below).
Opcodes marked with ``-`` do not push an item onto the stack, those marked with ``*`` are
special and all others push exactly one item onto the stack.
Opcodes marked with ``F``, ``H``, ``B`` or ``C`` are present since Frontier, Homestead, Byzantium or Constantinople, respectively.
Constantinople is still in planning and all instructions marked as such will result in an invalid instruction exception.
In the following, ``mem[a...b)`` signifies the bytes of memory starting at position ``a`` up to
(excluding) position ``b`` and ``storage[p]`` signifies the storage contents at position ``p``.
@ -161,167 +163,167 @@ The opcodes ``pushi`` and ``jumpdest`` cannot be used directly.
In the grammar, opcodes are represented as pre-defined identifiers.
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Instruction | | Explanation |
+=========================+======+=================================================================+
| stop + `-` | stop execution, identical to return(0,0) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| add(x, y) | | x + y |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sub(x, y) | | x - y |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mul(x, y) | | x * y |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| div(x, y) | | x / y |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sdiv(x, y) | | x / y, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mod(x, y) | | x % y |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| smod(x, y) | | x % y, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| exp(x, y) | | x to the power of y |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| not(x) | | ~x, every bit of x is negated |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| lt(x, y) | | 1 if x < y, 0 otherwise |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| gt(x, y) | | 1 if x > y, 0 otherwise |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| slt(x, y) | | 1 if x < y, 0 otherwise, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sgt(x, y) | | 1 if x > y, 0 otherwise, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| eq(x, y) | | 1 if x == y, 0 otherwise |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| iszero(x) | | 1 if x == 0, 0 otherwise |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| and(x, y) | | bitwise and of x and y |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| or(x, y) | | bitwise or of x and y |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| xor(x, y) | | bitwise xor of x and y |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| byte(n, x) | | nth byte of x, where the most significant byte is the 0th byte |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| addmod(x, y, m) | | (x + y) % m with arbitrary precision arithmetics |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mulmod(x, y, m) | | (x * y) % m with arbitrary precision arithmetics |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| signextend(i, x) | | sign extend from (i*8+7)th bit counting from least significant |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| keccak256(p, n) | | keccak(mem[p...(p+n))) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sha3(p, n) | | keccak(mem[p...(p+n))) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| jump(label) | `-` | jump to label / code position |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| jumpi(label, cond) | `-` | jump to label if cond is nonzero |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| pc | | current position in code |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| pop(x) | `-` | remove the element pushed by x |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| dup1 ... dup16 | | copy ith stack slot to the top (counting from top) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| swap1 ... swap16 | `*` | swap topmost and ith stack slot below it |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mload(p) | | mem[p..(p+32)) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mstore(p, v) | `-` | mem[p..(p+32)) := v |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mstore8(p, v) | `-` | mem[p] := v & 0xff (only modifies a single byte) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sload(p) | | storage[p] |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sstore(p, v) | `-` | storage[p] := v |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| msize | | size of memory, i.e. largest accessed memory index |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| gas | | gas still available to execution |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| address | | address of the current contract / execution context |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| balance(a) | | wei balance at address a |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| caller | | call sender (excluding ``delegatecall``) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| callvalue | | wei sent together with the current call |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| calldataload(p) | | call data starting from position p (32 bytes) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| calldatasize | | size of call data in bytes |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| calldatacopy(t, f, s) | `-` | copy s bytes from calldata at position f to mem at position t |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| codesize | | size of the code of the current contract / execution context |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| codecopy(t, f, s) | `-` | copy s bytes from code at position f to mem at position t |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| extcodesize(a) | | size of the code at address a |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| extcodecopy(a, t, f, s) | `-` | like codecopy(t, f, s) but take code at address a |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| returndatasize | | size of the last returndata |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| returndatacopy(t, f, s) | `-` | copy s bytes from returndata at position f to mem at position t |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| create(v, p, s) | | create new contract with code mem[p..(p+s)) and send v wei |
| | | and return the new address |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| create2(v, n, p, s) | | create new contract with code mem[p..(p+s)) at address |
| | | keccak256(<address> . n . keccak256(mem[p..(p+s))) and send v |
| | | wei and return the new address |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| call(g, a, v, in, | | call contract at address a with input mem[in..(in+insize)) |
| insize, out, outsize) | | providing g gas and v wei and output area |
| | | mem[out..(out+outsize)) returning 0 on error (eg. out of gas) |
| | | and 1 on success |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| callcode(g, a, v, in, | | identical to ``call`` but only use the code from a and stay |
| insize, out, outsize) | | in the context of the current contract otherwise |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| delegatecall(g, a, in, | | identical to ``callcode`` but also keep ``caller`` |
| insize, out, outsize) | | and ``callvalue`` |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| staticcall(g, a, in, | | identical to ``call(g, a, 0, in, insize, out, outsize)`` but do |
| insize, out, outsize) | | not allow state modifications |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| return(p, s) | `-` | end execution, return data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| revert(p, s) | `-` | end execution, revert state changes, return data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| selfdestruct(a) | `-` | end execution, destroy current contract and send funds to a |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| invalid | `-` | end execution with invalid instruction |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log0(p, s) | `-` | log without topics and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log1(p, s, t1) | `-` | log with topic t1 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log2(p, s, t1, t2) | `-` | log with topics t1, t2 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log3(p, s, t1, t2, t3) | `-` | log with topics t1, t2, t3 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log4(p, s, t1, t2, t3, | `-` | log with topics t1, t2, t3, t4 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
| t4) | | |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| origin | | transaction sender |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| gasprice | | gas price of the transaction |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| blockhash(b) | | hash of block nr b - only for last 256 blocks excluding current |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| coinbase | | current mining beneficiary |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| timestamp | | timestamp of the current block in seconds since the epoch |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| number | | current block number |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| difficulty | | difficulty of the current block |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| gaslimit | | block gas limit of the current block |
+-------------------------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Instruction | | | Explanation |
+=========================+=====+===+=================================================================+
| stop + `-` | F | stop execution, identical to return(0,0) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| add(x, y) | | F | x + y |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sub(x, y) | | F | x - y |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mul(x, y) | | F | x * y |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| div(x, y) | | F | x / y |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sdiv(x, y) | | F | x / y, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mod(x, y) | | F | x % y |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| smod(x, y) | | F | x % y, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| exp(x, y) | | F | x to the power of y |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| not(x) | | F | ~x, every bit of x is negated |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| lt(x, y) | | F | 1 if x < y, 0 otherwise |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| gt(x, y) | | F | 1 if x > y, 0 otherwise |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| slt(x, y) | | F | 1 if x < y, 0 otherwise, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sgt(x, y) | | F | 1 if x > y, 0 otherwise, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| eq(x, y) | | F | 1 if x == y, 0 otherwise |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| iszero(x) | | F | 1 if x == 0, 0 otherwise |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| and(x, y) | | F | bitwise and of x and y |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| or(x, y) | | F | bitwise or of x and y |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| xor(x, y) | | F | bitwise xor of x and y |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| byte(n, x) | | F | nth byte of x, where the most significant byte is the 0th byte |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| addmod(x, y, m) | | F | (x + y) % m with arbitrary precision arithmetics |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mulmod(x, y, m) | | F | (x * y) % m with arbitrary precision arithmetics |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| signextend(i, x) | | F | sign extend from (i*8+7)th bit counting from least significant |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| keccak256(p, n) | | F | keccak(mem[p...(p+n))) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sha3(p, n) | | F | keccak(mem[p...(p+n))) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| jump(label) | `-` | F | jump to label / code position |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| jumpi(label, cond) | `-` | F | jump to label if cond is nonzero |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| pc | | F | current position in code |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| pop(x) | `-` | F | remove the element pushed by x |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| dup1 ... dup16 | | F | copy ith stack slot to the top (counting from top) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| swap1 ... swap16 | `*` | F | swap topmost and ith stack slot below it |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mload(p) | | F | mem[p..(p+32)) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mstore(p, v) | `-` | F | mem[p..(p+32)) := v |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mstore8(p, v) | `-` | F | mem[p] := v & 0xff (only modifies a single byte) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sload(p) | | F | storage[p] |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sstore(p, v) | `-` | F | storage[p] := v |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| msize | | F | size of memory, i.e. largest accessed memory index |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| gas | | F | gas still available to execution |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| address | | F | address of the current contract / execution context |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| balance(a) | | F | wei balance at address a |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| caller | | F | call sender (excluding ``delegatecall``) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| callvalue | | F | wei sent together with the current call |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| calldataload(p) | | F | call data starting from position p (32 bytes) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| calldatasize | | F | size of call data in bytes |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| calldatacopy(t, f, s) | `-` | F | copy s bytes from calldata at position f to mem at position t |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| codesize | | F | size of the code of the current contract / execution context |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| codecopy(t, f, s) | `-` | F | copy s bytes from code at position f to mem at position t |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| extcodesize(a) | | F | size of the code at address a |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| extcodecopy(a, t, f, s) | `-` | F | like codecopy(t, f, s) but take code at address a |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| returndatasize | | B | size of the last returndata |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| returndatacopy(t, f, s) | `-` | B | copy s bytes from returndata at position f to mem at position t |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| create(v, p, s) | | F | create new contract with code mem[p..(p+s)) and send v wei |
| | | | and return the new address |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| create2(v, n, p, s) | | C | create new contract with code mem[p..(p+s)) at address |
| | | | keccak256(<address> . n . keccak256(mem[p..(p+s))) and send v |
| | | | wei and return the new address |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| call(g, a, v, in, | | F | call contract at address a with input mem[in..(in+insize)) |
| insize, out, outsize) | | | providing g gas and v wei and output area |
| | | | mem[out..(out+outsize)) returning 0 on error (eg. out of gas) |
| | | | and 1 on success |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| callcode(g, a, v, in, | | F | identical to ``call`` but only use the code from a and stay |
| insize, out, outsize) | | | in the context of the current contract otherwise |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| delegatecall(g, a, in, | | H | identical to ``callcode`` but also keep ``caller`` |
| insize, out, outsize) | | | and ``callvalue`` |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| staticcall(g, a, in, | | B | identical to ``call(g, a, 0, in, insize, out, outsize)`` but do |
| insize, out, outsize) | | | not allow state modifications |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| return(p, s) | `-` | F | end execution, return data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| revert(p, s) | `-` | B | end execution, revert state changes, return data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| selfdestruct(a) | `-` | F | end execution, destroy current contract and send funds to a |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| invalid | `-` | F | end execution with invalid instruction |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log0(p, s) | `-` | F | log without topics and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log1(p, s, t1) | `-` | F | log with topic t1 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log2(p, s, t1, t2) | `-` | F | log with topics t1, t2 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log3(p, s, t1, t2, t3) | `-` | F | log with topics t1, t2, t3 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log4(p, s, t1, t2, t3, | `-` | F | log with topics t1, t2, t3, t4 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
| t4) | | | |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| origin | | F | transaction sender |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| gasprice | | F | gas price of the transaction |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| blockhash(b) | | F | hash of block nr b - only for last 256 blocks excluding current |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| coinbase | | F | current mining beneficiary |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| timestamp | | F | timestamp of the current block in seconds since the epoch |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| number | | F | current block number |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| difficulty | | F | difficulty of the current block |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| gaslimit | | F | block gas limit of the current block |
+-------------------------+-----+---+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
Literals
--------
@ -378,8 +380,8 @@ Functions external to inline assembly can also be accessed: The assembly will
push their entry label (with virtual function resolution applied). The calling semantics
in solidity are:
- the caller pushes return label, arg1, arg2, ..., argn
- the call returns with ret1, ret2, ..., retm
- the caller pushes ``return label``, ``arg1``, ``arg2``, ..., ``argn``
- the call returns with ``ret1``, ``ret2``, ..., ``retm``
This feature is still a bit cumbersome to use, because the stack offset essentially
changes during the call, and thus references to local variables will be wrong.

153
docs/julia.rst
View File

@ -320,168 +320,169 @@ The following functions must be available:
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Arithmetics* |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| addu256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | x + y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| subu256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | x - y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mulu256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | x * y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| divu256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | x / y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| divs256(x:s256, y:s256) -> z:s256 | x / y, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| modu256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | x % y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mods256(x:s256, y:s256) -> z:s256 | x % y, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| signextendu256(i:u256, x:u256) -> z:u256 | sign extend from (i*8+7)th bit counting from least significant |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| expu256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | x to the power of y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| addmodu256(x:u256, y:u256, m:u256) -> z:u256| (x + y) % m with arbitrary precision arithmetics |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mulmodu256(x:u256, y:u256, m:u256) -> z:u256| (x * y) % m with arbitrary precision arithmetics |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| ltu256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:bool | 1 if x < y, 0 otherwise |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| gtu256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:bool | 1 if x > y, 0 otherwise |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sltu256(x:s256, y:s256) -> z:bool | 1 if x < y, 0 otherwise, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sgtu256(x:s256, y:s256) -> z:bool | 1 if x > y, 0 otherwise, for signed numbers in two's complement |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| equ256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:bool | 1 if x == y, 0 otherwise |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| notu256(x:u256) -> z:u256 | ~x, every bit of x is negated |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| andu256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | bitwise and of x and y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| oru256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | bitwise or of x and y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| xoru256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | bitwise xor of x and y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| shlu256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | logical left shift of x by y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| shru256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | logical right shift of x by y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| saru256(x:u256, y:u256) -> z:u256 | arithmetic right shift of x by y |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| byte(n:u256, x:u256) -> v:u256 | nth byte of x, where the most significant byte is the 0th byte |
| Cannot this be just replaced by and256(shr256(n, x), 0xff) and let it be optimised out by the EVM backend? |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Cannot this be just replaced by and256(shr256(n, x), 0xff) and |
| | let it be optimised out by the EVM backend? |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Memory and storage* |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mload(p:u256) -> v:u256 | mem[p..(p+32)) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mstore(p:u256, v:u256) | mem[p..(p+32)) := v |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| mstore8(p:u256, v:u256) | mem[p] := v & 0xff - only modifies a single byte |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sload(p:u256) -> v:u256 | storage[p] |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sstore(p:u256, v:u256) | storage[p] := v |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| msize() -> size:u256 | size of memory, i.e. largest accessed memory index, albeit due |
| | due to the memory extension function, which extends by words, |
| | this will always be a multiple of 32 bytes |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Execution control* |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| create(v:u256, p:u256, s:u256) | create new contract with code mem[p..(p+s)) and send v wei |
| | and return the new address |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| call(g:u256, a:u256, v:u256, in:u256, | call contract at address a with input mem[in..(in+insize)) |
| insize:u256, out:u256, | providing g gas and v wei and output area |
| outsize:u256) | mem[out..(out+outsize)) returning 0 on error (eg. out of gas) |
| -> r:u256 | and 1 on success |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| callcode(g:u256, a:u256, v:u256, in:u256, | identical to ``call`` but only use the code from a |
| insize:u256, out:u256, | and stay in the context of the |
| outsize:u256) -> r:u256 | current contract otherwise |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| delegatecall(g:u256, a:u256, in:u256, | identical to ``callcode``, |
| insize:u256, out:u256, | but also keep ``caller`` |
| outsize:u256) -> r:u256 | and ``callvalue`` |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| stop() | stop execution, identical to return(0,0) |
| Perhaps it would make sense retiring this as it equals to return(0,0). It can be an optimisation by the EVM |
| backend. |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Perhaps it would make sense retiring this as it equals to |
| | return(0,0). It can be an optimisation by the EVM backend. |
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| abort() | abort (equals to invalid instruction on EVM) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| return(p:u256, s:u256) | end execution, return data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| revert(p:u256, s:u256) | end execution, revert state changes, return data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| selfdestruct(a:u256) | end execution, destroy current contract and send funds to a |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log0(p:u256, s:u256) | log without topics and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log1(p:u256, s:u256, t1:u256) | log with topic t1 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log2(p:u256, s:u256, t1:u256, t2:u256) | log with topics t1, t2 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log3(p:u256, s:u256, t1:u256, t2:u256, | log with topics t, t2, t3 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
| t3:u256) | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| log4(p:u256, s:u256, t1:u256, t2:u256, | log with topics t1, t2, t3, t4 and data mem[p..(p+s)) |
| t3:u256, t4:u256) | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| *State queries* |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| blockcoinbase() -> address:u256 | current mining beneficiary |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| blockdifficulty() -> difficulty:u256 | difficulty of the current block |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| blockgaslimit() -> limit:u256 | block gas limit of the current block |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| blockhash(b:u256) -> hash:u256 | hash of block nr b - only for last 256 blocks excluding current |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| blocknumber() -> block:u256 | current block number |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| blocktimestamp() -> timestamp:u256 | timestamp of the current block in seconds since the epoch |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| txorigin() -> address:u256 | transaction sender |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| txgasprice() -> price:u256 | gas price of the transaction |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| gasleft() -> gas:u256 | gas still available to execution |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| balance(a:u256) -> v:u256 | wei balance at address a |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| this() -> address:u256 | address of the current contract / execution context |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| caller() -> address:u256 | call sender (excluding delegatecall) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| callvalue() -> v:u256 | wei sent together with the current call |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| calldataload(p:u256) -> v:u256 | call data starting from position p (32 bytes) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| calldatasize() -> v:u256 | size of call data in bytes |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| calldatacopy(t:u256, f:u256, s:u256) | copy s bytes from calldata at position f to mem at position t |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| codesize() -> size:u256 | size of the code of the current contract / execution context |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| codecopy(t:u256, f:u256, s:u256) | copy s bytes from code at position f to mem at position t |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| extcodesize(a:u256) -> size:u256 | size of the code at address a |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| extcodecopy(a:u256, t:u256, f:u256, s:u256) | like codecopy(t, f, s) but take code at address a |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Others* |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| discardu256(unused:u256) | discard value |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| splitu256tou64(x:u256) -> (x1:u64, x2:u64, | split u256 to four u64's |
| x3:u64, x4:u64) | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| combineu64tou256(x1:u64, x2:u64, x3:u64, | combine four u64's into a single u256 |
| x4:u64) -> (x:u256) | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| sha3(p:u256, s:u256) -> v:u256 | keccak(mem[p...(p+s))) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
Backends
--------