Update documentation of using-for directive

This commit is contained in:
wechman 2022-08-10 10:42:02 +02:00
parent eefb107e4d
commit 3bc52acbd1
2 changed files with 66 additions and 16 deletions

View File

@ -6,27 +6,35 @@
Using For
*********
The directive ``using A for B;`` can be used to attach
functions (``A``) as member functions to any type (``B``).
These functions will receive the object they are called on
as their first parameter (like the ``self`` variable in Python).
The directive ``using A for B;`` can be used to bind functions (``A``)
as operators to user-defined value types and structs or as member functions
to any type (``B``). The member functions receive the object they are called
on as their first parameter (like the ``self`` variable in Python).
The operator functions receive operands as parameters.
It is valid either at file level or inside a contract,
at contract level.
The first part, ``A``, can be one of:
- a list of file-level or library functions (``using {f, g, h, L.t} for uint;``) -
only those functions will be attached to the type.
- a list of file-level or library internal functions (``using {f, g, h, L.t} for uint;``) -
only those functions will be bound to the type as member functions,
- the name of a library (``using L for uint;``) -
all functions (both public and internal ones) of the library are attached to the type
all functions (both public and internal ones) of the library are bound to the type
as member functions,
- a list of assignments of file-level or internal library functions to operators
(``using {f as +, g as -} for T;``) - the functions will be bound to the type (``T``)
as operators. Following binary operators are allowed to be used on the list: ``|``,
``^``, ``&``, ``+``, ``-``, ``*``, ``/``, ``%``, ``==``, ``!=``, ``<``, ``>``, ``<=``,
``>=``, ``<<``, ``>>``, ``**``. Allowed unary operators are: ``~``, ``!``, ``-``.
If an operator can be both binary and unary, it is allowed to have each variant specified
on the list (``using {sub as -, unsub as -} for T``).
At file level, the second part, ``B``, has to be an explicit type (without data location specifier).
Inside contracts, you can also use ``using L for *;``,
which has the effect that all functions of the library ``L``
are attached to *all* types.
Inside contracts, you can also use ``using L for *;``, which has the effect that all functions
of the library ``L`` are bound to *all* types.
If you specify a library, *all* functions in the library are attached,
If you specify a library, *all* functions in the library are bound,
even those where the type of the first parameter does not
match the type of the object. The type is checked at the
point the function is called and function overload
@ -37,6 +45,13 @@ then the type (``uint``) has to be implicitly convertible to the
first parameter of each of these functions. This check is
performed even if none of these functions are called.
If you define an operator for a user-defined type (``using {f as +} for T``), then
the type (``T``), types of function parameters and the type of the function return value
have to be the same. The type (``T``) does not include data location.
But, data location of the function parameters and function return value must be
the same. There is an exception for comparison operators for which, the return value
type is always ``bool``.
The ``using A for B;`` directive is active only within the current
scope (either the contract or the current module/source unit),
including within all of its functions, and has no effect
@ -45,7 +60,7 @@ outside of the contract or module in which it is used.
When the directive is used at file level and applied to a
user-defined type which was defined at file level in the same file,
the word ``global`` can be added at the end. This will have the
effect that the functions are attached to the type everywhere
effect that the functions and operators are bound to the type everywhere
the type is available (including other files), not only in the
scope of the using statement.
@ -59,8 +74,8 @@ instead of library functions.
pragma solidity ^0.8.13;
struct Data { mapping(uint => bool) flags; }
// Now we attach functions to the type.
// The attached functions can be used throughout the rest of the module.
// Now we bind functions to the type.
// The bound functions can be used throughout the rest of the module.
// If you import the module, you have to
// repeat the using directive there, for example as
// import "flags.sol" as Flags;
@ -149,3 +164,38 @@ if you pass memory or value types, a copy will be performed, even in case of the
``self`` variable. The only situation where no copy will be performed
is when storage reference variables are used or when internal library
functions are called.
Another example shows how to define a custom operator for a user-defined type:
.. code-block:: solidity
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity ^0.8.18;
type UFixed16x2 is uint16;
using {
add as +,
div as /
} for UFixed16x2;
uint32 constant SCALE = 100;
function add(UFixed16x2 a, UFixed16x2 b) pure returns (UFixed16x2) {
return UFixed16x2.wrap(UFixed16x2.unwrap(a) + UFixed16x2.unwrap(b));
}
function div(UFixed16x2 a, UFixed16x2 b) pure returns (UFixed16x2) {
uint32 a32 = UFixed16x2.unwrap(a);
uint32 b32 = UFixed16x2.unwrap(b);
uint32 result32 = a32 * SCALE / b32;
require(result32 <= type(uint16).max, "Divide overflow");
return UFixed16x2.wrap(uint16(a32 * SCALE / b32));
}
contract Math {
function avg(UFixed16x2 a, UFixed16x2 b) public pure returns (UFixed16x2) {
return (a + b) / UFixed16x2.wrap(200);
}
}

View File

@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ function geq(Int x, Int) pure returns (bool) {
contract C {
function test_bitor() public pure returns (Int) { return w(1) | w(2); }
function test_bitand() public pure returns (Int) { return w(1) | w(2); }
function test_bitand() public pure returns (Int) { return w(1) & w(2); }
function test_bitxor() public pure returns (Int) { return w(1) ^ w(2); }
function test_bitnot() public pure returns (Int) { return ~w(1); }
function test_add(int128 x) public pure returns (Int) { return w(x) + w(2); }
@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ contract C {
// ----
// test_bitor() -> 10
// test_bitand() -> 10
// test_bitand() -> 11
// test_bitxor() -> 12
// test_bitnot() -> 13
// test_add(int128): 4 -> 14