8c313eed26
This PR polishes the EIP 100 difficulty adjustment algorithm to match the same mechanisms as the Homestead was implemented to keep the code uniform. It also avoids a few memory allocs by reusing big1 and big2, pulling it out of the common package and into ethash. The commit also fixes chain maker to forward the uncle hash when creating a simulated chain (it wasn't needed until now so we just skipped a copy there).
536 lines
18 KiB
Go
536 lines
18 KiB
Go
// Copyright 2017 The go-ethereum Authors
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// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
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//
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// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
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// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
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// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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// (at your option) any later version.
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//
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// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
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//
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// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
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// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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package ethash
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import (
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"bytes"
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"errors"
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"fmt"
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"math/big"
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"runtime"
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"time"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/consensus/misc"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
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"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
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set "gopkg.in/fatih/set.v0"
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)
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// Ethash proof-of-work protocol constants.
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var (
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blockReward *big.Int = big.NewInt(5e+18) // Block reward in wei for successfully mining a block
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maxUncles = 2 // Maximum number of uncles allowed in a single block
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)
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// Various error messages to mark blocks invalid. These should be private to
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// prevent engine specific errors from being referenced in the remainder of the
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// codebase, inherently breaking if the engine is swapped out. Please put common
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// error types into the consensus package.
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var (
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errLargeBlockTime = errors.New("timestamp too big")
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errZeroBlockTime = errors.New("timestamp equals parent's")
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errTooManyUncles = errors.New("too many uncles")
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errDuplicateUncle = errors.New("duplicate uncle")
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errUncleIsAncestor = errors.New("uncle is ancestor")
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errDanglingUncle = errors.New("uncle's parent is not ancestor")
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errNonceOutOfRange = errors.New("nonce out of range")
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errInvalidDifficulty = errors.New("non-positive difficulty")
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errInvalidMixDigest = errors.New("invalid mix digest")
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errInvalidPoW = errors.New("invalid proof-of-work")
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)
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// Author implements consensus.Engine, returning the header's coinbase as the
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// proof-of-work verified author of the block.
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func (ethash *Ethash) Author(header *types.Header) (common.Address, error) {
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return header.Coinbase, nil
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}
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// VerifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of the
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// stock Ethereum ethash engine.
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func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, seal bool) error {
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// If we're running a full engine faking, accept any input as valid
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if ethash.fakeFull {
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return nil
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}
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// Short circuit if the header is known, or it's parent not
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number := header.Number.Uint64()
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if chain.GetHeader(header.Hash(), number) != nil {
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return nil
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}
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parent := chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, number-1)
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if parent == nil {
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return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
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}
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// Sanity checks passed, do a proper verification
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return ethash.verifyHeader(chain, header, parent, false, seal)
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}
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// VerifyHeaders is similar to VerifyHeader, but verifies a batch of headers
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// concurrently. The method returns a quit channel to abort the operations and
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// a results channel to retrieve the async verifications.
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func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyHeaders(chain consensus.ChainReader, headers []*types.Header, seals []bool) (chan<- struct{}, <-chan error) {
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// If we're running a full engine faking, accept any input as valid
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if ethash.fakeFull || len(headers) == 0 {
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abort, results := make(chan struct{}), make(chan error, len(headers))
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for i := 0; i < len(headers); i++ {
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results <- nil
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}
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return abort, results
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}
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// Spawn as many workers as allowed threads
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workers := runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)
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if len(headers) < workers {
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workers = len(headers)
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}
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// Create a task channel and spawn the verifiers
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var (
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inputs = make(chan int)
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done = make(chan int, workers)
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errors = make([]error, len(headers))
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abort = make(chan struct{})
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)
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for i := 0; i < workers; i++ {
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go func() {
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for index := range inputs {
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errors[index] = ethash.verifyHeaderWorker(chain, headers, seals, index)
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done <- index
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}
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}()
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}
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errorsOut := make(chan error, len(headers))
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go func() {
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defer close(inputs)
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var (
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in, out = 0, 0
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checked = make([]bool, len(headers))
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inputs = inputs
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)
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for {
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select {
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case inputs <- in:
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if in++; in == len(headers) {
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// Reached end of headers. Stop sending to workers.
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inputs = nil
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}
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case index := <-done:
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for checked[index] = true; checked[out]; out++ {
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errorsOut <- errors[out]
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if out == len(headers)-1 {
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return
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}
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}
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case <-abort:
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return
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}
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}
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}()
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return abort, errorsOut
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}
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func (ethash *Ethash) verifyHeaderWorker(chain consensus.ChainReader, headers []*types.Header, seals []bool, index int) error {
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var parent *types.Header
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if index == 0 {
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parent = chain.GetHeader(headers[0].ParentHash, headers[0].Number.Uint64()-1)
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} else if headers[index-1].Hash() == headers[index].ParentHash {
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parent = headers[index-1]
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}
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if parent == nil {
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return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
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}
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if chain.GetHeader(headers[index].Hash(), headers[index].Number.Uint64()) != nil {
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return nil // known block
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}
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return ethash.verifyHeader(chain, headers[index], parent, false, seals[index])
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}
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// VerifyUncles verifies that the given block's uncles conform to the consensus
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// rules of the stock Ethereum ethash engine.
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func (ethash *Ethash) VerifyUncles(chain consensus.ChainReader, block *types.Block) error {
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// If we're running a full engine faking, accept any input as valid
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if ethash.fakeFull {
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return nil
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}
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// Verify that there are at most 2 uncles included in this block
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if len(block.Uncles()) > maxUncles {
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return errTooManyUncles
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}
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// Gather the set of past uncles and ancestors
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uncles, ancestors := set.New(), make(map[common.Hash]*types.Header)
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number, parent := block.NumberU64()-1, block.ParentHash()
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for i := 0; i < 7; i++ {
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ancestor := chain.GetBlock(parent, number)
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if ancestor == nil {
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break
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}
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ancestors[ancestor.Hash()] = ancestor.Header()
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for _, uncle := range ancestor.Uncles() {
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uncles.Add(uncle.Hash())
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}
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parent, number = ancestor.ParentHash(), number-1
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}
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ancestors[block.Hash()] = block.Header()
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uncles.Add(block.Hash())
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// Verify each of the uncles that it's recent, but not an ancestor
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for _, uncle := range block.Uncles() {
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// Make sure every uncle is rewarded only once
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hash := uncle.Hash()
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if uncles.Has(hash) {
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return errDuplicateUncle
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}
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uncles.Add(hash)
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// Make sure the uncle has a valid ancestry
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if ancestors[hash] != nil {
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return errUncleIsAncestor
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}
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if ancestors[uncle.ParentHash] == nil || uncle.ParentHash == block.ParentHash() {
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return errDanglingUncle
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}
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if err := ethash.verifyHeader(chain, uncle, ancestors[uncle.ParentHash], true, true); err != nil {
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return err
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}
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}
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return nil
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}
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// verifyHeader checks whether a header conforms to the consensus rules of the
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// stock Ethereum ethash engine.
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// See YP section 4.3.4. "Block Header Validity"
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func (ethash *Ethash) verifyHeader(chain consensus.ChainReader, header, parent *types.Header, uncle bool, seal bool) error {
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// Ensure that the header's extra-data section is of a reasonable size
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if uint64(len(header.Extra)) > params.MaximumExtraDataSize {
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return fmt.Errorf("extra-data too long: %d > %d", len(header.Extra), params.MaximumExtraDataSize)
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}
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// Verify the header's timestamp
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if uncle {
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if header.Time.Cmp(math.MaxBig256) > 0 {
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return errLargeBlockTime
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}
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} else {
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if header.Time.Cmp(big.NewInt(time.Now().Unix())) > 0 {
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return consensus.ErrFutureBlock
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}
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}
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if header.Time.Cmp(parent.Time) <= 0 {
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return errZeroBlockTime
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}
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// Verify the block's difficulty based in it's timestamp and parent's difficulty
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expected := CalcDifficulty(chain.Config(), header.Time.Uint64(), parent)
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if expected.Cmp(header.Difficulty) != 0 {
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return fmt.Errorf("invalid difficulty: have %v, want %v", header.Difficulty, expected)
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}
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// Verify that the gas limit is <= 2^63-1
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if header.GasLimit.Cmp(math.MaxBig63) > 0 {
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return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasLimit: have %v, max %v", header.GasLimit, math.MaxBig63)
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}
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// Verify that the gasUsed is <= gasLimit
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if header.GasUsed.Cmp(header.GasLimit) > 0 {
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return fmt.Errorf("invalid gasUsed: have %v, gasLimit %v", header.GasUsed, header.GasLimit)
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}
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// Verify that the gas limit remains within allowed bounds
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diff := new(big.Int).Set(parent.GasLimit)
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diff = diff.Sub(diff, header.GasLimit)
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diff.Abs(diff)
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limit := new(big.Int).Set(parent.GasLimit)
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limit = limit.Div(limit, params.GasLimitBoundDivisor)
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if diff.Cmp(limit) >= 0 || header.GasLimit.Cmp(params.MinGasLimit) < 0 {
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return fmt.Errorf("invalid gas limit: have %v, want %v += %v", header.GasLimit, parent.GasLimit, limit)
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}
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// Verify that the block number is parent's +1
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if diff := new(big.Int).Sub(header.Number, parent.Number); diff.Cmp(big.NewInt(1)) != 0 {
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return consensus.ErrInvalidNumber
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}
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// Verify the engine specific seal securing the block
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if seal {
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if err := ethash.VerifySeal(chain, header); err != nil {
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return err
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}
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}
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// If all checks passed, validate any special fields for hard forks
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if err := misc.VerifyDAOHeaderExtraData(chain.Config(), header); err != nil {
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return err
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}
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if err := misc.VerifyForkHashes(chain.Config(), header, uncle); err != nil {
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return err
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}
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return nil
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}
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// CalcDifficulty is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns
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// the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time
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// given the parent block's time and difficulty.
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// TODO (karalabe): Move the chain maker into this package and make this private!
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func CalcDifficulty(config *params.ChainConfig, time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
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next := new(big.Int).Add(parent.Number, big1)
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switch {
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case config.IsMetropolis(next):
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return calcDifficultyMetropolis(time, parent)
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case config.IsHomestead(next):
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return calcDifficultyHomestead(time, parent)
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default:
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return calcDifficultyFrontier(time, parent)
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}
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}
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// Some weird constants to avoid constant memory allocs for them.
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var (
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expDiffPeriod = big.NewInt(100000)
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big1 = big.NewInt(1)
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big2 = big.NewInt(2)
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big9 = big.NewInt(9)
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big10 = big.NewInt(10)
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bigMinus99 = big.NewInt(-99)
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)
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// calcDifficultyMetropolis is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns
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// the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time given the
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// parent block's time and difficulty. The calculation uses the Metropolis rules.
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func calcDifficultyMetropolis(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
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// https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/100.
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// algorithm:
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// diff = (parent_diff +
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// (parent_diff / 2048 * max((2 if len(parent.uncles) else 1) - ((timestamp - parent.timestamp) // 9), -99))
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// ) + 2^(periodCount - 2)
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bigTime := new(big.Int).SetUint64(time)
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bigParentTime := new(big.Int).Set(parent.Time)
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// holds intermediate values to make the algo easier to read & audit
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x := new(big.Int)
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y := new(big.Int)
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// (2 if len(parent_uncles) else 1) - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 9
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x.Sub(bigTime, bigParentTime)
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x.Div(x, big9)
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if parent.UncleHash == types.EmptyUncleHash {
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x.Sub(big1, x)
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} else {
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x.Sub(big2, x)
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}
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// max((2 if len(parent_uncles) else 1) - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 9, -99)
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if x.Cmp(bigMinus99) < 0 {
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x.Set(bigMinus99)
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}
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// (parent_diff + parent_diff // 2048 * max(1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10, -99))
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y.Div(parent.Difficulty, params.DifficultyBoundDivisor)
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x.Mul(y, x)
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x.Add(parent.Difficulty, x)
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// minimum difficulty can ever be (before exponential factor)
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if x.Cmp(params.MinimumDifficulty) < 0 {
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x.Set(params.MinimumDifficulty)
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}
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// for the exponential factor
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periodCount := new(big.Int).Add(parent.Number, big1)
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periodCount.Div(periodCount, expDiffPeriod)
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// the exponential factor, commonly referred to as "the bomb"
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// diff = diff + 2^(periodCount - 2)
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if periodCount.Cmp(big1) > 0 {
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y.Sub(periodCount, big2)
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y.Exp(big2, y, nil)
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x.Add(x, y)
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}
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return x
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}
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// calcDifficultyHomestead is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns
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// the difficulty that a new block should have when created at time given the
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// parent block's time and difficulty. The calculation uses the Homestead rules.
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func calcDifficultyHomestead(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
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// https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-2.mediawiki
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// algorithm:
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// diff = (parent_diff +
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// (parent_diff / 2048 * max(1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10, -99))
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// ) + 2^(periodCount - 2)
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bigTime := new(big.Int).SetUint64(time)
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bigParentTime := new(big.Int).Set(parent.Time)
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// holds intermediate values to make the algo easier to read & audit
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x := new(big.Int)
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y := new(big.Int)
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// 1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10
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x.Sub(bigTime, bigParentTime)
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x.Div(x, big10)
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x.Sub(big1, x)
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// max(1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10, -99)
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if x.Cmp(bigMinus99) < 0 {
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x.Set(bigMinus99)
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}
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// (parent_diff + parent_diff // 2048 * max(1 - (block_timestamp - parent_timestamp) // 10, -99))
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y.Div(parent.Difficulty, params.DifficultyBoundDivisor)
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x.Mul(y, x)
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x.Add(parent.Difficulty, x)
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// minimum difficulty can ever be (before exponential factor)
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if x.Cmp(params.MinimumDifficulty) < 0 {
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x.Set(params.MinimumDifficulty)
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}
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// for the exponential factor
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periodCount := new(big.Int).Add(parent.Number, big1)
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periodCount.Div(periodCount, expDiffPeriod)
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// the exponential factor, commonly referred to as "the bomb"
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// diff = diff + 2^(periodCount - 2)
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if periodCount.Cmp(big1) > 0 {
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y.Sub(periodCount, big2)
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y.Exp(big2, y, nil)
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x.Add(x, y)
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}
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return x
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}
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// calcDifficultyFrontier is the difficulty adjustment algorithm. It returns the
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// difficulty that a new block should have when created at time given the parent
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// block's time and difficulty. The calculation uses the Frontier rules.
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func calcDifficultyFrontier(time uint64, parent *types.Header) *big.Int {
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diff := new(big.Int)
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adjust := new(big.Int).Div(parent.Difficulty, params.DifficultyBoundDivisor)
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bigTime := new(big.Int)
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bigParentTime := new(big.Int)
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bigTime.SetUint64(time)
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bigParentTime.Set(parent.Time)
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if bigTime.Sub(bigTime, bigParentTime).Cmp(params.DurationLimit) < 0 {
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diff.Add(parent.Difficulty, adjust)
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} else {
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diff.Sub(parent.Difficulty, adjust)
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}
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if diff.Cmp(params.MinimumDifficulty) < 0 {
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diff.Set(params.MinimumDifficulty)
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}
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periodCount := new(big.Int).Add(parent.Number, big1)
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periodCount.Div(periodCount, expDiffPeriod)
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if periodCount.Cmp(big1) > 0 {
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// diff = diff + 2^(periodCount - 2)
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expDiff := periodCount.Sub(periodCount, big2)
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expDiff.Exp(big2, expDiff, nil)
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diff.Add(diff, expDiff)
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diff = math.BigMax(diff, params.MinimumDifficulty)
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}
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return diff
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}
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// VerifySeal implements consensus.Engine, checking whether the given block satisfies
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// the PoW difficulty requirements.
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func (ethash *Ethash) VerifySeal(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header) error {
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// If we're running a fake PoW, accept any seal as valid
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if ethash.fakeMode {
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time.Sleep(ethash.fakeDelay)
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if ethash.fakeFail == header.Number.Uint64() {
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return errInvalidPoW
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}
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return nil
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}
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// If we're running a shared PoW, delegate verification to it
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if ethash.shared != nil {
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return ethash.shared.VerifySeal(chain, header)
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}
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// Sanity check that the block number is below the lookup table size (60M blocks)
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number := header.Number.Uint64()
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if number/epochLength >= uint64(len(cacheSizes)) {
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// Go < 1.7 cannot calculate new cache/dataset sizes (no fast prime check)
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|
return errNonceOutOfRange
|
|
}
|
|
// Ensure that we have a valid difficulty for the block
|
|
if header.Difficulty.Sign() <= 0 {
|
|
return errInvalidDifficulty
|
|
}
|
|
// Recompute the digest and PoW value and verify against the header
|
|
cache := ethash.cache(number)
|
|
|
|
size := datasetSize(number)
|
|
if ethash.tester {
|
|
size = 32 * 1024
|
|
}
|
|
digest, result := hashimotoLight(size, cache, header.HashNoNonce().Bytes(), header.Nonce.Uint64())
|
|
if !bytes.Equal(header.MixDigest[:], digest) {
|
|
return errInvalidMixDigest
|
|
}
|
|
target := new(big.Int).Div(maxUint256, header.Difficulty)
|
|
if new(big.Int).SetBytes(result).Cmp(target) > 0 {
|
|
return errInvalidPoW
|
|
}
|
|
return nil
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// Prepare implements consensus.Engine, initializing the difficulty field of a
|
|
// header to conform to the ethash protocol. The changes are done inline.
|
|
func (ethash *Ethash) Prepare(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header) error {
|
|
parent := chain.GetHeader(header.ParentHash, header.Number.Uint64()-1)
|
|
if parent == nil {
|
|
return consensus.ErrUnknownAncestor
|
|
}
|
|
header.Difficulty = CalcDifficulty(chain.Config(), header.Time.Uint64(), parent)
|
|
|
|
return nil
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// Finalize implements consensus.Engine, accumulating the block and uncle rewards,
|
|
// setting the final state and assembling the block.
|
|
func (ethash *Ethash) Finalize(chain consensus.ChainReader, header *types.Header, state *state.StateDB, txs []*types.Transaction, uncles []*types.Header, receipts []*types.Receipt) (*types.Block, error) {
|
|
// Accumulate any block and uncle rewards and commit the final state root
|
|
AccumulateRewards(state, header, uncles)
|
|
header.Root = state.IntermediateRoot(chain.Config().IsEIP158(header.Number))
|
|
|
|
// Header seems complete, assemble into a block and return
|
|
return types.NewBlock(header, txs, uncles, receipts), nil
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// Some weird constants to avoid constant memory allocs for them.
|
|
var (
|
|
big8 = big.NewInt(8)
|
|
big32 = big.NewInt(32)
|
|
)
|
|
|
|
// AccumulateRewards credits the coinbase of the given block with the mining
|
|
// reward. The total reward consists of the static block reward and rewards for
|
|
// included uncles. The coinbase of each uncle block is also rewarded.
|
|
// TODO (karalabe): Move the chain maker into this package and make this private!
|
|
func AccumulateRewards(state *state.StateDB, header *types.Header, uncles []*types.Header) {
|
|
reward := new(big.Int).Set(blockReward)
|
|
r := new(big.Int)
|
|
for _, uncle := range uncles {
|
|
r.Add(uncle.Number, big8)
|
|
r.Sub(r, header.Number)
|
|
r.Mul(r, blockReward)
|
|
r.Div(r, big8)
|
|
state.AddBalance(uncle.Coinbase, r)
|
|
|
|
r.Div(blockReward, big32)
|
|
reward.Add(reward, r)
|
|
}
|
|
state.AddBalance(header.Coinbase, reward)
|
|
}
|