README.md: update formatting (#19532)
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Giulio
Felix Lange
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README.md
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README.md
@ -9,28 +9,30 @@ https://camo.githubusercontent.com/915b7be44ada53c290eb157634330494ebe3e30a/6874
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[](https://travis-ci.org/ethereum/go-ethereum)
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[](https://discord.gg/nthXNEv)
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Automated builds are available for stable releases and the unstable master branch.
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Binary archives are published at https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/.
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Automated builds are available for stable releases and the unstable master branch. Binary
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archives are published at https://geth.ethereum.org/downloads/.
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## Building the source
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For prerequisites and detailed build instructions please read the
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[Installation Instructions](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Building-Ethereum)
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on the wiki.
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For prerequisites and detailed build instructions please read the [Installation Instructions](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Building-Ethereum) on the wiki.
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Building geth requires both a Go (version 1.10 or later) and a C compiler.
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You can install them using your favourite package manager.
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Once the dependencies are installed, run
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Building `geth` requires both a Go (version 1.10 or later) and a C compiler. You can install
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them using your favourite package manager. Once the dependencies are installed, run
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make geth
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```shell
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make geth
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```
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or, to build the full suite of utilities:
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make all
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```shell
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make all
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```
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## Executables
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The go-ethereum project comes with several wrappers/executables found in the `cmd` directory.
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The go-ethereum project comes with several wrappers/executables found in the `cmd`
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directory.
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| Command | Description |
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| :-----------: | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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@ -42,269 +44,301 @@ The go-ethereum project comes with several wrappers/executables found in the `cm
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| `rlpdump` | Developer utility tool to convert binary RLP ([Recursive Length Prefix](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/RLP)) dumps (data encoding used by the Ethereum protocol both network as well as consensus wise) to user-friendlier hierarchical representation (e.g. `rlpdump --hex CE0183FFFFFFC4C304050583616263`). |
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| `puppeth` | a CLI wizard that aids in creating a new Ethereum network. |
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## Running geth
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## Running `geth`
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Going through all the possible command line flags is out of scope here (please consult our
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[CLI Wiki page](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Command-Line-Options)), but we've
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enumerated a few common parameter combos to get you up to speed quickly on how you can run your
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own Geth instance.
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[CLI Wiki page](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Command-Line-Options)),
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but we've enumerated a few common parameter combos to get you up to speed quickly
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on how you can run your own `geth` instance.
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### Full node on the main Ethereum network
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By far the most common scenario is people wanting to simply interact with the Ethereum network:
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create accounts; transfer funds; deploy and interact with contracts. For this particular use-case
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the user doesn't care about years-old historical data, so we can fast-sync quickly to the current
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state of the network. To do so:
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By far the most common scenario is people wanting to simply interact with the Ethereum
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network: create accounts; transfer funds; deploy and interact with contracts. For this
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particular use-case the user doesn't care about years-old historical data, so we can
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fast-sync quickly to the current state of the network. To do so:
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```
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```shell
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$ geth console
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```
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This command will:
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* Start geth in fast sync mode (default, can be changed with the `--syncmode` flag), causing it to
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download more data in exchange for avoiding processing the entire history of the Ethereum network,
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which is very CPU intensive.
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* Start up Geth's built-in interactive [JavaScript console](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/JavaScript-Console),
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* Start `geth` in fast sync mode (default, can be changed with the `--syncmode` flag),
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causing it to download more data in exchange for avoiding processing the entire history
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of the Ethereum network, which is very CPU intensive.
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* Start up `geth`'s built-in interactive [JavaScript console](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/JavaScript-Console),
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(via the trailing `console` subcommand) through which you can invoke all official [`web3` methods](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JavaScript-API)
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as well as Geth's own [management APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Management-APIs).
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This tool is optional and if you leave it out you can always attach to an already running Geth instance
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with `geth attach`.
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as well as `geth`'s own [management APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Management-APIs).
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This tool is optional and if you leave it out you can always attach to an already running
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`geth` instance with `geth attach`.
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### A Full node on the Ethereum test network
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Transitioning towards developers, if you'd like to play around with creating Ethereum contracts, you
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almost certainly would like to do that without any real money involved until you get the hang of the
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entire system. In other words, instead of attaching to the main network, you want to join the **test**
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network with your node, which is fully equivalent to the main network, but with play-Ether only.
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Transitioning towards developers, if you'd like to play around with creating Ethereum
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contracts, you almost certainly would like to do that without any real money involved until
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you get the hang of the entire system. In other words, instead of attaching to the main
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network, you want to join the **test** network with your node, which is fully equivalent to
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the main network, but with play-Ether only.
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```
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```shell
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$ geth --testnet console
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```
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The `console` subcommand has the exact same meaning as above and they are equally useful on the
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testnet too. Please see above for their explanations if you've skipped here.
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The `console` subcommand has the exact same meaning as above and they are equally
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useful on the testnet too. Please see above for their explanations if you've skipped here.
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Specifying the `--testnet` flag, however, will reconfigure your Geth instance a bit:
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Specifying the `--testnet` flag, however, will reconfigure your `geth` instance a bit:
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* Instead of using the default data directory (`~/.ethereum` on Linux for example), Geth will nest
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itself one level deeper into a `testnet` subfolder (`~/.ethereum/testnet` on Linux). Note, on OSX
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and Linux this also means that attaching to a running testnet node requires the use of a custom
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endpoint since `geth attach` will try to attach to a production node endpoint by default. E.g.
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`geth attach <datadir>/testnet/geth.ipc`. Windows users are not affected by this.
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* Instead of connecting the main Ethereum network, the client will connect to the test network,
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which uses different P2P bootnodes, different network IDs and genesis states.
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*Note: Although there are some internal protective measures to prevent transactions from crossing
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over between the main network and test network, you should make sure to always use separate accounts
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for play-money and real-money. Unless you manually move accounts, Geth will by default correctly
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separate the two networks and will not make any accounts available between them.*
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* Instead of using the default data directory (`~/.ethereum` on Linux for example), `geth`
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will nest itself one level deeper into a `testnet` subfolder (`~/.ethereum/testnet` on
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Linux). Note, on OSX and Linux this also means that attaching to a running testnet node
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requires the use of a custom endpoint since `geth attach` will try to attach to a
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production node endpoint by default. E.g.
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`geth attach <datadir>/testnet/geth.ipc`. Windows users are not affected by
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this.
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* Instead of connecting the main Ethereum network, the client will connect to the test
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network, which uses different P2P bootnodes, different network IDs and genesis states.
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*Note: Although there are some internal protective measures to prevent transactions from
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crossing over between the main network and test network, you should make sure to always
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use separate accounts for play-money and real-money. Unless you manually move
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accounts, `geth` will by default correctly separate the two networks and will not make any
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accounts available between them.*
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### Full node on the Rinkeby test network
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The above test network is a cross-client one based on the ethash proof-of-work consensus algorithm. As such, it has certain extra overhead and is more susceptible to reorganization attacks due to the network's low difficulty/security. Go Ethereum also supports connecting to a proof-of-authority based test network called [*Rinkeby*](https://www.rinkeby.io) (operated by members of the community). This network is lighter, more secure, but is only supported by go-ethereum.
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The above test network is a cross-client one based on the ethash proof-of-work consensus
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algorithm. As such, it has certain extra overhead and is more susceptible to reorganization
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attacks due to the network's low difficulty/security. Go Ethereum also supports connecting
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to a proof-of-authority based test network called [*Rinkeby*](https://www.rinkeby.io)
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(operated by members of the community). This network is lighter, more secure, but is only
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supported by go-ethereum.
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```
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```shell
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$ geth --rinkeby console
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```
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### Configuration
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As an alternative to passing the numerous flags to the `geth` binary, you can also pass a configuration file via:
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As an alternative to passing the numerous flags to the `geth` binary, you can also pass a
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configuration file via:
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```
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```shell
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$ geth --config /path/to/your_config.toml
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```
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To get an idea how the file should look like you can use the `dumpconfig` subcommand to export your existing configuration:
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To get an idea how the file should look like you can use the `dumpconfig` subcommand to
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export your existing configuration:
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```
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```shell
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$ geth --your-favourite-flags dumpconfig
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```
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*Note: This works only with geth v1.6.0 and above.*
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*Note: This works only with `geth` v1.6.0 and above.*
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#### Docker quick start
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One of the quickest ways to get Ethereum up and running on your machine is by using Docker:
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One of the quickest ways to get Ethereum up and running on your machine is by using
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Docker:
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```
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```shell
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docker run -d --name ethereum-node -v /Users/alice/ethereum:/root \
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-p 8545:8545 -p 30303:30303 \
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ethereum/client-go
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```
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This will start geth in fast-sync mode with a DB memory allowance of 1GB just as the above command does. It will also create a persistent volume in your home directory for saving your blockchain as well as map the default ports. There is also an `alpine` tag available for a slim version of the image.
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This will start `geth` in fast-sync mode with a DB memory allowance of 1GB just as the
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above command does. It will also create a persistent volume in your home directory for
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saving your blockchain as well as map the default ports. There is also an `alpine` tag
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available for a slim version of the image.
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Do not forget `--rpcaddr 0.0.0.0`, if you want to access RPC from other containers and/or hosts. By default, `geth` binds to the local interface and RPC endpoints is not accessible from the outside.
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Do not forget `--rpcaddr 0.0.0.0`, if you want to access RPC from other containers
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and/or hosts. By default, `geth` binds to the local interface and RPC endpoints is not
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accessible from the outside.
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### Programmatically interfacing Geth nodes
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### Programmatically interfacing `geth` nodes
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As a developer, sooner rather than later you'll want to start interacting with Geth and the Ethereum
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network via your own programs and not manually through the console. To aid this, Geth has built-in
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support for a JSON-RPC based APIs ([standard APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC) and
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[Geth specific APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Management-APIs)). These can be
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exposed via HTTP, WebSockets and IPC (UNIX sockets on UNIX based platforms, and named pipes on Windows).
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As a developer, sooner rather than later you'll want to start interacting with `geth` and the
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Ethereum network via your own programs and not manually through the console. To aid
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this, `geth` has built-in support for a JSON-RPC based APIs ([standard APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/JSON-RPC)
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and [`geth` specific APIs](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Management-APIs)).
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These can be exposed via HTTP, WebSockets and IPC (UNIX sockets on UNIX based
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platforms, and named pipes on Windows).
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The IPC interface is enabled by default and exposes all the APIs supported by Geth, whereas the HTTP
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and WS interfaces need to manually be enabled and only expose a subset of APIs due to security reasons.
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These can be turned on/off and configured as you'd expect.
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The IPC interface is enabled by default and exposes all the APIs supported by `geth`,
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whereas the HTTP and WS interfaces need to manually be enabled and only expose a
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subset of APIs due to security reasons. These can be turned on/off and configured as
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you'd expect.
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HTTP based JSON-RPC API options:
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* `--rpc` Enable the HTTP-RPC server
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* `--rpcaddr` HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")
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* `--rpcport` HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: 8545)
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* `--rpcapi` API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface (default: "eth,net,web3")
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* `--rpcaddr` HTTP-RPC server listening interface (default: `localhost`)
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* `--rpcport` HTTP-RPC server listening port (default: `8545`)
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* `--rpcapi` API's offered over the HTTP-RPC interface (default: `eth,net,web3`)
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* `--rpccorsdomain` Comma separated list of domains from which to accept cross origin requests (browser enforced)
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* `--ws` Enable the WS-RPC server
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* `--wsaddr` WS-RPC server listening interface (default: "localhost")
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* `--wsport` WS-RPC server listening port (default: 8546)
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* `--wsapi` API's offered over the WS-RPC interface (default: "eth,net,web3")
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* `--wsaddr` WS-RPC server listening interface (default: `localhost`)
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* `--wsport` WS-RPC server listening port (default: `8546`)
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* `--wsapi` API's offered over the WS-RPC interface (default: `eth,net,web3`)
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* `--wsorigins` Origins from which to accept websockets requests
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* `--ipcdisable` Disable the IPC-RPC server
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* `--ipcapi` API's offered over the IPC-RPC interface (default: "admin,debug,eth,miner,net,personal,shh,txpool,web3")
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* `--ipcapi` API's offered over the IPC-RPC interface (default: `admin,debug,eth,miner,net,personal,shh,txpool,web3`)
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* `--ipcpath` Filename for IPC socket/pipe within the datadir (explicit paths escape it)
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You'll need to use your own programming environments' capabilities (libraries, tools, etc) to connect
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via HTTP, WS or IPC to a Geth node configured with the above flags and you'll need to speak [JSON-RPC](https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification)
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on all transports. You can reuse the same connection for multiple requests!
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You'll need to use your own programming environments' capabilities (libraries, tools, etc) to
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connect via HTTP, WS or IPC to a `geth` node configured with the above flags and you'll
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need to speak [JSON-RPC](https://www.jsonrpc.org/specification) on all transports. You
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can reuse the same connection for multiple requests!
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**Note: Please understand the security implications of opening up an HTTP/WS based transport before
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doing so! Hackers on the internet are actively trying to subvert Ethereum nodes with exposed APIs!
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Further, all browser tabs can access locally running web servers, so malicious web pages could try to
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subvert locally available APIs!**
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**Note: Please understand the security implications of opening up an HTTP/WS based
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transport before doing so! Hackers on the internet are actively trying to subvert
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Ethereum nodes with exposed APIs! Further, all browser tabs can access locally
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running web servers, so malicious web pages could try to subvert locally available
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APIs!**
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### Operating a private network
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Maintaining your own private network is more involved as a lot of configurations taken for granted in
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the official networks need to be manually set up.
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Maintaining your own private network is more involved as a lot of configurations taken for
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granted in the official networks need to be manually set up.
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#### Defining the private genesis state
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First, you'll need to create the genesis state of your networks, which all nodes need to be aware of
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and agree upon. This consists of a small JSON file (e.g. call it `genesis.json`):
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First, you'll need to create the genesis state of your networks, which all nodes need to be
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aware of and agree upon. This consists of a small JSON file (e.g. call it `genesis.json`):
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```json
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{
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"config": {
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"chainId": 0,
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"homesteadBlock": 0,
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"eip155Block": 0,
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"eip158Block": 0
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},
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"alloc" : {},
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"coinbase" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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"difficulty" : "0x20000",
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"extraData" : "",
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"gasLimit" : "0x2fefd8",
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"nonce" : "0x0000000000000042",
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"mixhash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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"parentHash" : "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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"timestamp" : "0x00"
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"chainId": 0,
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"homesteadBlock": 0,
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"eip155Block": 0,
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"eip158Block": 0
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},
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"alloc": {},
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"coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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"difficulty": "0x20000",
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"extraData": "",
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"gasLimit": "0x2fefd8",
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"nonce": "0x0000000000000042",
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"mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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"parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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"timestamp": "0x00"
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}
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```
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The above fields should be fine for most purposes, although we'd recommend changing the `nonce` to
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some random value so you prevent unknown remote nodes from being able to connect to you. If you'd
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like to pre-fund some accounts for easier testing, you can populate the `alloc` field with account
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configs:
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The above fields should be fine for most purposes, although we'd recommend changing
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the `nonce` to some random value so you prevent unknown remote nodes from being able
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to connect to you. If you'd like to pre-fund some accounts for easier testing, you can
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populate the `alloc` field with account configs:
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```json
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"alloc": {
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"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": {"balance": "111111111"},
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"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": {"balance": "222222222"}
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"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001": {
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"balance": "111111111"
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},
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"0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000002": {
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"balance": "222222222"
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}
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}
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```
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With the genesis state defined in the above JSON file, you'll need to initialize **every** Geth node
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with it prior to starting it up to ensure all blockchain parameters are correctly set:
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With the genesis state defined in the above JSON file, you'll need to initialize **every**
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`geth` node with it prior to starting it up to ensure all blockchain parameters are correctly
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set:
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```
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```shell
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$ geth init path/to/genesis.json
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```
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#### Creating the rendezvous point
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With all nodes that you want to run initialized to the desired genesis state, you'll need to start a
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bootstrap node that others can use to find each other in your network and/or over the internet. The
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clean way is to configure and run a dedicated bootnode:
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With all nodes that you want to run initialized to the desired genesis state, you'll need to
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start a bootstrap node that others can use to find each other in your network and/or over
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the internet. The clean way is to configure and run a dedicated bootnode:
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```
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```shell
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$ bootnode --genkey=boot.key
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$ bootnode --nodekey=boot.key
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```
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With the bootnode online, it will display an [`enode` URL](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/enode-url-format)
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that other nodes can use to connect to it and exchange peer information. Make sure to replace the
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displayed IP address information (most probably `[::]`) with your externally accessible IP to get the
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actual `enode` URL.
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that other nodes can use to connect to it and exchange peer information. Make sure to
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replace the displayed IP address information (most probably `[::]`) with your externally
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accessible IP to get the actual `enode` URL.
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*Note: You could also use a full-fledged Geth node as a bootnode, but it's the less recommended way.*
|
||||
*Note: You could also use a full-fledged `geth` node as a bootnode, but it's the less
|
||||
recommended way.*
|
||||
|
||||
#### Starting up your member nodes
|
||||
|
||||
With the bootnode operational and externally reachable (you can try `telnet <ip> <port>` to ensure
|
||||
it's indeed reachable), start every subsequent Geth node pointed to the bootnode for peer discovery
|
||||
via the `--bootnodes` flag. It will probably also be desirable to keep the data directory of your
|
||||
private network separated, so do also specify a custom `--datadir` flag.
|
||||
With the bootnode operational and externally reachable (you can try
|
||||
`telnet <ip> <port>` to ensure it's indeed reachable), start every subsequent `geth`
|
||||
node pointed to the bootnode for peer discovery via the `--bootnodes` flag. It will
|
||||
probably also be desirable to keep the data directory of your private network separated, so
|
||||
do also specify a custom `--datadir` flag.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
$ geth --datadir=path/to/custom/data/folder --bootnodes=<bootnode-enode-url-from-above>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
*Note: Since your network will be completely cut off from the main and test networks, you'll also
|
||||
need to configure a miner to process transactions and create new blocks for you.*
|
||||
*Note: Since your network will be completely cut off from the main and test networks, you'll
|
||||
also need to configure a miner to process transactions and create new blocks for you.*
|
||||
|
||||
#### Running a private miner
|
||||
|
||||
Mining on the public Ethereum network is a complex task as it's only feasible using GPUs, requiring
|
||||
an OpenCL or CUDA enabled `ethminer` instance. For information on such a setup, please consult the
|
||||
[EtherMining subreddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/EtherMining/) and the [Genoil miner](https://github.com/Genoil/cpp-ethereum)
|
||||
repository.
|
||||
Mining on the public Ethereum network is a complex task as it's only feasible using GPUs,
|
||||
requiring an OpenCL or CUDA enabled `ethminer` instance. For information on such a
|
||||
setup, please consult the [EtherMining subreddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/EtherMining/)
|
||||
and the [Genoil miner](https://github.com/Genoil/cpp-ethereum) repository.
|
||||
|
||||
In a private network setting, however a single CPU miner instance is more than enough for practical
|
||||
purposes as it can produce a stable stream of blocks at the correct intervals without needing heavy
|
||||
resources (consider running on a single thread, no need for multiple ones either). To start a Geth
|
||||
instance for mining, run it with all your usual flags, extended by:
|
||||
In a private network setting, however a single CPU miner instance is more than enough for
|
||||
practical purposes as it can produce a stable stream of blocks at the correct intervals
|
||||
without needing heavy resources (consider running on a single thread, no need for multiple
|
||||
ones either). To start a `geth` instance for mining, run it with all your usual flags, extended
|
||||
by:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
$ geth <usual-flags> --mine --minerthreads=1 --etherbase=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Which will start mining blocks and transactions on a single CPU thread, crediting all proceedings to
|
||||
the account specified by `--etherbase`. You can further tune the mining by changing the default gas
|
||||
limit blocks converge to (`--targetgaslimit`) and the price transactions are accepted at (`--gasprice`).
|
||||
Which will start mining blocks and transactions on a single CPU thread, crediting all
|
||||
proceedings to the account specified by `--etherbase`. You can further tune the mining
|
||||
by changing the default gas limit blocks converge to (`--targetgaslimit`) and the price
|
||||
transactions are accepted at (`--gasprice`).
|
||||
|
||||
## Contribution
|
||||
|
||||
Thank you for considering to help out with the source code! We welcome contributions from
|
||||
anyone on the internet, and are grateful for even the smallest of fixes!
|
||||
Thank you for considering to help out with the source code! We welcome contributions
|
||||
from anyone on the internet, and are grateful for even the smallest of fixes!
|
||||
|
||||
If you'd like to contribute to go-ethereum, please fork, fix, commit and send a pull request
|
||||
for the maintainers to review and merge into the main code base. If you wish to submit more
|
||||
complex changes though, please check up with the core devs first on [our gitter channel](https://gitter.im/ethereum/go-ethereum)
|
||||
to ensure those changes are in line with the general philosophy of the project and/or get some
|
||||
early feedback which can make both your efforts much lighter as well as our review and merge
|
||||
procedures quick and simple.
|
||||
for the maintainers to review and merge into the main code base. If you wish to submit
|
||||
more complex changes though, please check up with the core devs first on [our gitter channel](https://gitter.im/ethereum/go-ethereum)
|
||||
to ensure those changes are in line with the general philosophy of the project and/or get
|
||||
some early feedback which can make both your efforts much lighter as well as our review
|
||||
and merge procedures quick and simple.
|
||||
|
||||
Please make sure your contributions adhere to our coding guidelines:
|
||||
|
||||
* Code must adhere to the official Go [formatting](https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#formatting) guidelines (i.e. uses [gofmt](https://golang.org/cmd/gofmt/)).
|
||||
* Code must be documented adhering to the official Go [commentary](https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#commentary) guidelines.
|
||||
* Code must adhere to the official Go [formatting](https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#formatting)
|
||||
guidelines (i.e. uses [gofmt](https://golang.org/cmd/gofmt/)).
|
||||
* Code must be documented adhering to the official Go [commentary](https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#commentary)
|
||||
guidelines.
|
||||
* Pull requests need to be based on and opened against the `master` branch.
|
||||
* Commit messages should be prefixed with the package(s) they modify.
|
||||
* E.g. "eth, rpc: make trace configs optional"
|
||||
|
||||
Please see the [Developers' Guide](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/wiki/Developers'-Guide)
|
||||
for more details on configuring your environment, managing project dependencies, and testing procedures.
|
||||
for more details on configuring your environment, managing project dependencies, and
|
||||
testing procedures.
|
||||
|
||||
## License
|
||||
|
||||
The go-ethereum library (i.e. all code outside of the `cmd` directory) is licensed under the
|
||||
[GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html), also
|
||||
included in our repository in the `COPYING.LESSER` file.
|
||||
[GNU Lesser General Public License v3.0](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html),
|
||||
also included in our repository in the `COPYING.LESSER` file.
|
||||
|
||||
The go-ethereum binaries (i.e. all code inside of the `cmd` directory) is licensed under the
|
||||
[GNU General Public License v3.0](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html), also included
|
||||
in our repository in the `COPYING` file.
|
||||
[GNU General Public License v3.0](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html), also
|
||||
included in our repository in the `COPYING` file.
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user