plugeth/core/genesis.go

// Copyright 2014 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package core

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math/big"
	"strings"

	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
)

//go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type Genesis -field-override genesisSpecMarshaling -out gen_genesis.go
//go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type GenesisAccount -field-override genesisAccountMarshaling -out gen_genesis_account.go

var errGenesisNoConfig = errors.New("genesis has no chain configuration")

// Genesis specifies the header fields, state of a genesis block. It also defines hard
// fork switch-over blocks through the chain configuration.
type Genesis struct {
	Config     *params.ChainConfig `json:"config"`
	Nonce      uint64              `json:"nonce"`
	Timestamp  uint64              `json:"timestamp"`
	ExtraData  []byte              `json:"extraData"`
	GasLimit   uint64              `json:"gasLimit"   gencodec:"required"`
	Difficulty *big.Int            `json:"difficulty" gencodec:"required"`
	Mixhash    common.Hash         `json:"mixHash"`
	Coinbase   common.Address      `json:"coinbase"`
	Alloc      GenesisAlloc        `json:"alloc"      gencodec:"required"`

	// These fields are used for consensus tests. Please don't use them
	// in actual genesis blocks.
	Number     uint64      `json:"number"`
	GasUsed    uint64      `json:"gasUsed"`
	ParentHash common.Hash `json:"parentHash"`
	BaseFee    *big.Int    `json:"baseFeePerGas"`
}

func ReadGenesis(db ethdb.Database) (*Genesis, error) {
	var genesis Genesis
	stored := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(db, 0)
	if (stored == common.Hash{}) {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid genesis hash in database: %x", stored)
	}
	blob := rawdb.ReadGenesisStateSpec(db, stored)
	if blob == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("genesis state missing from db")
	}
	if len(blob) != 0 {
		if err := genesis.Alloc.UnmarshalJSON(blob); err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not unmarshal genesis state json: %s", err)
		}
	}
	genesis.Config = rawdb.ReadChainConfig(db, stored)
	if genesis.Config == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("genesis config missing from db")
	}
	genesisBlock := rawdb.ReadBlock(db, stored, 0)
	if genesisBlock == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("genesis block missing from db")
	}
	genesisHeader := genesisBlock.Header()
	genesis.Nonce = genesisHeader.Nonce.Uint64()
	genesis.Timestamp = genesisHeader.Time
	genesis.ExtraData = genesisHeader.Extra
	genesis.GasLimit = genesisHeader.GasLimit
	genesis.Difficulty = genesisHeader.Difficulty
	genesis.Mixhash = genesisHeader.MixDigest
	genesis.Coinbase = genesisHeader.Coinbase

	return &genesis, nil
}

// GenesisAlloc specifies the initial state that is part of the genesis block.
type GenesisAlloc map[common.Address]GenesisAccount

func (ga *GenesisAlloc) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
	m := make(map[common.UnprefixedAddress]GenesisAccount)
	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &m); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	*ga = make(GenesisAlloc)
	for addr, a := range m {
		(*ga)[common.Address(addr)] = a
	}
	return nil
}

// deriveHash computes the state root according to the genesis specification.
func (ga *GenesisAlloc) deriveHash() (common.Hash, error) {
	// Create an ephemeral in-memory database for computing hash,
	// all the derived states will be discarded to not pollute disk.
	db := state.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase())
	statedb, err := state.New(common.Hash{}, db, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return common.Hash{}, err
	}
	for addr, account := range *ga {
		statedb.AddBalance(addr, account.Balance)
		statedb.SetCode(addr, account.Code)
		statedb.SetNonce(addr, account.Nonce)
		for key, value := range account.Storage {
			statedb.SetState(addr, key, value)
		}
	}
	return statedb.Commit(false)
}

// flush is very similar with deriveHash, but the main difference is
// all the generated states will be persisted into the given database.
// Also, the genesis state specification will be flushed as well.
func (ga *GenesisAlloc) flush(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database) error {
	statedb, err := state.New(common.Hash{}, state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	for addr, account := range *ga {
		statedb.AddBalance(addr, account.Balance)
		statedb.SetCode(addr, account.Code)
		statedb.SetNonce(addr, account.Nonce)
		for key, value := range account.Storage {
			statedb.SetState(addr, key, value)
		}
	}
	root, err := statedb.Commit(false)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Commit newly generated states into disk if it's not empty.
	if root != types.EmptyRootHash {
		if err := triedb.Commit(root, true); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	// Marshal the genesis state specification and persist.
	blob, err := json.Marshal(ga)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	rawdb.WriteGenesisStateSpec(db, root, blob)
	return nil
}

// CommitGenesisState loads the stored genesis state with the given block
// hash and commits it into the provided trie database.
func CommitGenesisState(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database, hash common.Hash) error {
	var alloc GenesisAlloc
	blob := rawdb.ReadGenesisStateSpec(db, hash)
	if len(blob) != 0 {
		if err := alloc.UnmarshalJSON(blob); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	} else {
		// Genesis allocation is missing and there are several possibilities:
		// the node is legacy which doesn't persist the genesis allocation or
		// the persisted allocation is just lost.
		// - supported networks(mainnet, testnets), recover with defined allocations
		// - private network, can't recover
		var genesis *Genesis
		switch hash {
		case params.MainnetGenesisHash:
			genesis = DefaultGenesisBlock()
		case params.RinkebyGenesisHash:
			genesis = DefaultRinkebyGenesisBlock()
		case params.GoerliGenesisHash:
			genesis = DefaultGoerliGenesisBlock()
		case params.SepoliaGenesisHash:
			genesis = DefaultSepoliaGenesisBlock()
		}
		if genesis != nil {
			alloc = genesis.Alloc
		} else {
			return errors.New("not found")
		}
	}
	return alloc.flush(db, triedb)
}

// GenesisAccount is an account in the state of the genesis block.
type GenesisAccount struct {
	Code       []byte                      `json:"code,omitempty"`
	Storage    map[common.Hash]common.Hash `json:"storage,omitempty"`
	Balance    *big.Int                    `json:"balance" gencodec:"required"`
	Nonce      uint64                      `json:"nonce,omitempty"`
	PrivateKey []byte                      `json:"secretKey,omitempty"` // for tests
}

// field type overrides for gencodec
type genesisSpecMarshaling struct {
	Nonce      math.HexOrDecimal64
	Timestamp  math.HexOrDecimal64
	ExtraData  hexutil.Bytes
	GasLimit   math.HexOrDecimal64
	GasUsed    math.HexOrDecimal64
	Number     math.HexOrDecimal64
	Difficulty *math.HexOrDecimal256
	BaseFee    *math.HexOrDecimal256
	Alloc      map[common.UnprefixedAddress]GenesisAccount
}

type genesisAccountMarshaling struct {
	Code       hexutil.Bytes
	Balance    *math.HexOrDecimal256
	Nonce      math.HexOrDecimal64
	Storage    map[storageJSON]storageJSON
	PrivateKey hexutil.Bytes
}

// storageJSON represents a 256 bit byte array, but allows less than 256 bits when
// unmarshaling from hex.
type storageJSON common.Hash

func (h *storageJSON) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
	text = bytes.TrimPrefix(text, []byte("0x"))
	if len(text) > 64 {
		return fmt.Errorf("too many hex characters in storage key/value %q", text)
	}
	offset := len(h) - len(text)/2 // pad on the left
	if _, err := hex.Decode(h[offset:], text); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid hex storage key/value %q", text)
	}
	return nil
}

func (h storageJSON) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
	return hexutil.Bytes(h[:]).MarshalText()
}

// GenesisMismatchError is raised when trying to overwrite an existing
// genesis block with an incompatible one.
type GenesisMismatchError struct {
	Stored, New common.Hash
}

func (e *GenesisMismatchError) Error() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("database contains incompatible genesis (have %x, new %x)", e.Stored, e.New)
}

// ChainOverrides contains the changes to chain config.
type ChainOverrides struct {
	OverrideShanghai *uint64
}

// SetupGenesisBlock writes or updates the genesis block in db.
// The block that will be used is:
//
//	                     genesis == nil       genesis != nil
//	                  +------------------------------------------
//	db has no genesis |  main-net default  |  genesis
//	db has genesis    |  from DB           |  genesis (if compatible)
//
// The stored chain configuration will be updated if it is compatible (i.e. does not
// specify a fork block below the local head block). In case of a conflict, the
// error is a *params.ConfigCompatError and the new, unwritten config is returned.
//
// The returned chain configuration is never nil.
func SetupGenesisBlock(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database, genesis *Genesis) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
	return SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db, triedb, genesis, nil)
}

func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database, genesis *Genesis, overrides *ChainOverrides) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
	if genesis != nil && genesis.Config == nil {
		return params.AllEthashProtocolChanges, common.Hash{}, errGenesisNoConfig
	}
	applyOverrides := func(config *params.ChainConfig) {
		if config != nil {
			if overrides != nil && overrides.OverrideShanghai != nil {
				config.ShanghaiTime = overrides.OverrideShanghai
			}
		}
	}
	// Just commit the new block if there is no stored genesis block.
	stored := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(db, 0)
	if (stored == common.Hash{}) {
		if genesis == nil {
			log.Info("Writing default main-net genesis block")
			genesis = DefaultGenesisBlock()
		} else {
			log.Info("Writing custom genesis block")
		}
		block, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb)
		if err != nil {
			return genesis.Config, common.Hash{}, err
		}
		applyOverrides(genesis.Config)
		return genesis.Config, block.Hash(), nil
	}
	// We have the genesis block in database(perhaps in ancient database)
	// but the corresponding state is missing.
	header := rawdb.ReadHeader(db, stored, 0)
	if _, err := state.New(header.Root, state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil); err != nil {
		if genesis == nil {
			genesis = DefaultGenesisBlock()
		}
		// Ensure the stored genesis matches with the given one.
		hash := genesis.ToBlock().Hash()
		if hash != stored {
			return genesis.Config, hash, &GenesisMismatchError{stored, hash}
		}
		block, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb)
		if err != nil {
			return genesis.Config, hash, err
		}
		applyOverrides(genesis.Config)
		return genesis.Config, block.Hash(), nil
	}
	// Check whether the genesis block is already written.
	if genesis != nil {
		hash := genesis.ToBlock().Hash()
		if hash != stored {
			return genesis.Config, hash, &GenesisMismatchError{stored, hash}
		}
	}
	// Get the existing chain configuration.
	newcfg := genesis.configOrDefault(stored)
	applyOverrides(newcfg)
	if err := newcfg.CheckConfigForkOrder(); err != nil {
		return newcfg, common.Hash{}, err
	}
	storedcfg := rawdb.ReadChainConfig(db, stored)
	if storedcfg == nil {
		log.Warn("Found genesis block without chain config")
		rawdb.WriteChainConfig(db, stored, newcfg)
		return newcfg, stored, nil
	}
	storedData, _ := json.Marshal(storedcfg)
	// Special case: if a private network is being used (no genesis and also no
	// mainnet hash in the database), we must not apply the `configOrDefault`
	// chain config as that would be AllProtocolChanges (applying any new fork
	// on top of an existing private network genesis block). In that case, only
	// apply the overrides.
	if genesis == nil && stored != params.MainnetGenesisHash {
		newcfg = storedcfg
		applyOverrides(newcfg)
	}
	// Check config compatibility and write the config. Compatibility errors
	// are returned to the caller unless we're already at block zero.
	head := rawdb.ReadHeadHeader(db)
	if head == nil {
		return newcfg, stored, fmt.Errorf("missing head header")
	}
	compatErr := storedcfg.CheckCompatible(newcfg, head.Number.Uint64(), head.Time)
	if compatErr != nil && ((head.Number.Uint64() != 0 && compatErr.RewindToBlock != 0) || (head.Time != 0 && compatErr.RewindToTime != 0)) {
		return newcfg, stored, compatErr
	}
	// Don't overwrite if the old is identical to the new
	if newData, _ := json.Marshal(newcfg); !bytes.Equal(storedData, newData) {
		rawdb.WriteChainConfig(db, stored, newcfg)
	}
	return newcfg, stored, nil
}

// LoadCliqueConfig loads the stored clique config if the chain config
// is already present in database, otherwise, return the config in the
// provided genesis specification. Note the returned clique config can
// be nil if we are not in the clique network.
func LoadCliqueConfig(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis) (*params.CliqueConfig, error) {
	// Load the stored chain config from the database. It can be nil
	// in case the database is empty. Notably, we only care about the
	// chain config corresponds to the canonical chain.
	stored := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(db, 0)
	if stored != (common.Hash{}) {
		storedcfg := rawdb.ReadChainConfig(db, stored)
		if storedcfg != nil {
			return storedcfg.Clique, nil
		}
	}
	// Load the clique config from the provided genesis specification.
	if genesis != nil {
		// Reject invalid genesis spec without valid chain config
		if genesis.Config == nil {
			return nil, errGenesisNoConfig
		}
		// If the canonical genesis header is present, but the chain
		// config is missing(initialize the empty leveldb with an
		// external ancient chain segment), ensure the provided genesis
		// is matched.
		if stored != (common.Hash{}) && genesis.ToBlock().Hash() != stored {
			return nil, &GenesisMismatchError{stored, genesis.ToBlock().Hash()}
		}
		return genesis.Config.Clique, nil
	}
	// There is no stored chain config and no new config provided,
	// In this case the default chain config(mainnet) will be used,
	// namely ethash is the specified consensus engine, return nil.
	return nil, nil
}

func (g *Genesis) configOrDefault(ghash common.Hash) *params.ChainConfig {
	switch {
	case g != nil:
		return g.Config
	case ghash == params.MainnetGenesisHash:
		return params.MainnetChainConfig
	case ghash == params.SepoliaGenesisHash:
		return params.SepoliaChainConfig
	case ghash == params.RinkebyGenesisHash:
		return params.RinkebyChainConfig
	case ghash == params.GoerliGenesisHash:
		return params.GoerliChainConfig
	default:
		return params.AllEthashProtocolChanges
	}
}

// ToBlock returns the genesis block according to genesis specification.
func (g *Genesis) ToBlock() *types.Block {
	root, err := g.Alloc.deriveHash()
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	head := &types.Header{
		Number:     new(big.Int).SetUint64(g.Number),
		Nonce:      types.EncodeNonce(g.Nonce),
		Time:       g.Timestamp,
		ParentHash: g.ParentHash,
		Extra:      g.ExtraData,
		GasLimit:   g.GasLimit,
		GasUsed:    g.GasUsed,
		BaseFee:    g.BaseFee,
		Difficulty: g.Difficulty,
		MixDigest:  g.Mixhash,
		Coinbase:   g.Coinbase,
		Root:       root,
	}
	if g.GasLimit == 0 {
		head.GasLimit = params.GenesisGasLimit
	}
	if g.Difficulty == nil && g.Mixhash == (common.Hash{}) {
		head.Difficulty = params.GenesisDifficulty
	}
	if g.Config != nil && g.Config.IsLondon(common.Big0) {
		if g.BaseFee != nil {
			head.BaseFee = g.BaseFee
		} else {
			head.BaseFee = new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.InitialBaseFee)
		}
	}
	var withdrawals []*types.Withdrawal
	if g.Config != nil && g.Config.IsShanghai(g.Timestamp) {
		head.WithdrawalsHash = &types.EmptyRootHash
		withdrawals = make([]*types.Withdrawal, 0)
	}
	return types.NewBlock(head, nil, nil, nil, trie.NewStackTrie(nil)).WithWithdrawals(withdrawals)
}

// Commit writes the block and state of a genesis specification to the database.
// The block is committed as the canonical head block.
func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database) (*types.Block, error) {
	block := g.ToBlock()
	if block.Number().Sign() != 0 {
		return nil, errors.New("can't commit genesis block with number > 0")
	}
	config := g.Config
	if config == nil {
		config = params.AllEthashProtocolChanges
	}
	if err := config.CheckConfigForkOrder(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if config.Clique != nil && len(block.Extra()) < 32+crypto.SignatureLength {
		return nil, errors.New("can't start clique chain without signers")
	}
	// All the checks has passed, flush the states derived from the genesis
	// specification as well as the specification itself into the provided
	// database.
	if err := g.Alloc.flush(db, triedb); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	rawdb.WriteTd(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Difficulty())
	rawdb.WriteBlock(db, block)
	rawdb.WriteReceipts(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), nil)
	rawdb.WriteCanonicalHash(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64())
	rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(db, block.Hash())
	rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(db, block.Hash())
	rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(db, block.Hash())
	rawdb.WriteChainConfig(db, block.Hash(), config)
	return block, nil
}

// MustCommit writes the genesis block and state to db, panicking on error.
// The block is committed as the canonical head block.
// Note the state changes will be committed in hash-based scheme, use Commit
// if path-scheme is preferred.
func (g *Genesis) MustCommit(db ethdb.Database) *types.Block {
	block, err := g.Commit(db, trie.NewDatabase(db))
	if err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	return block
}

// DefaultGenesisBlock returns the Ethereum main net genesis block.
func DefaultGenesisBlock() *Genesis {
	return &Genesis{
		Config:     params.MainnetChainConfig,
		Nonce:      66,
		ExtraData:  hexutil.MustDecode("0x11bbe8db4e347b4e8c937c1c8370e4b5ed33adb3db69cbdb7a38e1e50b1b82fa"),
		GasLimit:   5000,
		Difficulty: big.NewInt(17179869184),
		Alloc:      decodePrealloc(mainnetAllocData),
	}
}

// DefaultRinkebyGenesisBlock returns the Rinkeby network genesis block.
func DefaultRinkebyGenesisBlock() *Genesis {
	return &Genesis{
		Config:     params.RinkebyChainConfig,
		Timestamp:  1492009146,
		ExtraData:  hexutil.MustDecode("0x52657370656374206d7920617574686f7269746168207e452e436172746d616e42eb768f2244c8811c63729a21a3569731535f067ffc57839b00206d1ad20c69a1981b489f772031b279182d99e65703f0076e4812653aab85fca0f00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"),
		GasLimit:   4700000,
		Difficulty: big.NewInt(1),
		Alloc:      decodePrealloc(rinkebyAllocData),
	}
}

// DefaultGoerliGenesisBlock returns the Görli network genesis block.
func DefaultGoerliGenesisBlock() *Genesis {
	return &Genesis{
		Config:     params.GoerliChainConfig,
		Timestamp:  1548854791,
		ExtraData:  hexutil.MustDecode("0x22466c6578692069732061207468696e6722202d204166726900000000000000e0a2bd4258d2768837baa26a28fe71dc079f84c70000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"),
		GasLimit:   10485760,
		Difficulty: big.NewInt(1),
		Alloc:      decodePrealloc(goerliAllocData),
	}
}

// DefaultSepoliaGenesisBlock returns the Sepolia network genesis block.
func DefaultSepoliaGenesisBlock() *Genesis {
	return &Genesis{
		Config:     params.SepoliaChainConfig,
		Nonce:      0,
		ExtraData:  []byte("Sepolia, Athens, Attica, Greece!"),
		GasLimit:   0x1c9c380,
		Difficulty: big.NewInt(0x20000),
		Timestamp:  1633267481,
		Alloc:      decodePrealloc(sepoliaAllocData),
	}
}

// DeveloperGenesisBlock returns the 'geth --dev' genesis block.
func DeveloperGenesisBlock(period uint64, gasLimit uint64, faucet common.Address) *Genesis {
	// Override the default period to the user requested one
	config := *params.AllCliqueProtocolChanges
	config.Clique = &params.CliqueConfig{
		Period: period,
		Epoch:  config.Clique.Epoch,
	}

	// Assemble and return the genesis with the precompiles and faucet pre-funded
	return &Genesis{
		Config:     &config,
		ExtraData:  append(append(make([]byte, 32), faucet[:]...), make([]byte, crypto.SignatureLength)...),
		GasLimit:   gasLimit,
		BaseFee:    big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
		Difficulty: big.NewInt(1),
		Alloc: map[common.Address]GenesisAccount{
			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECRecover
			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // SHA256
			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // RIPEMD
			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // Identity
			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{5}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ModExp
			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{6}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECAdd
			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{7}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECScalarMul
			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{8}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECPairing
			common.BytesToAddress([]byte{9}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLAKE2b
			faucet:                           {Balance: new(big.Int).Sub(new(big.Int).Lsh(big.NewInt(1), 256), big.NewInt(9))},
		},
	}
}

func decodePrealloc(data string) GenesisAlloc {
	var p []struct{ Addr, Balance *big.Int }
	if err := rlp.NewStream(strings.NewReader(data), 0).Decode(&p); err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}
	ga := make(GenesisAlloc, len(p))
	for _, account := range p {
		ga[common.BigToAddress(account.Addr)] = GenesisAccount{Balance: account.Balance}
	}
	return ga
}