package full import ( "bytes" "context" "encoding/binary" "errors" "fmt" "github.com/ipfs/go-cid" "golang.org/x/xerrors" "github.com/filecoin-project/go-address" "github.com/filecoin-project/go-state-types/abi" "github.com/filecoin-project/go-state-types/big" builtintypes "github.com/filecoin-project/go-state-types/builtin" "github.com/filecoin-project/go-state-types/builtin/v10/eam" "github.com/filecoin-project/go-state-types/crypto" "github.com/filecoin-project/go-state-types/exitcode" "github.com/filecoin-project/lotus/api" "github.com/filecoin-project/lotus/build" "github.com/filecoin-project/lotus/chain/actors" "github.com/filecoin-project/lotus/chain/store" "github.com/filecoin-project/lotus/chain/types" "github.com/filecoin-project/lotus/chain/types/ethtypes" "github.com/filecoin-project/lotus/chain/vm" ) func getTipsetByBlockNumber(ctx context.Context, chain *store.ChainStore, blkParam string, strict bool) (*types.TipSet, error) { if blkParam == "earliest" { return nil, fmt.Errorf("block param \"earliest\" is not supported") } head := chain.GetHeaviestTipSet() switch blkParam { case "pending": return head, nil case "latest": parent, err := chain.GetTipSetFromKey(ctx, head.Parents()) if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot get parent tipset") } return parent, nil default: var num ethtypes.EthUint64 err := num.UnmarshalJSON([]byte(`"` + blkParam + `"`)) if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot parse block number: %v", err) } if abi.ChainEpoch(num) > head.Height()-1 { return nil, fmt.Errorf("requested a future epoch (beyond 'latest')") } ts, err := chain.GetTipsetByHeight(ctx, abi.ChainEpoch(num), head, true) if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot get tipset at height: %v", num) } if strict && ts.Height() != abi.ChainEpoch(num) { return nil, ErrNullRound } return ts, nil } } func getTipsetByEthBlockNumberOrHash(ctx context.Context, chain *store.ChainStore, blkParam ethtypes.EthBlockNumberOrHash) (*types.TipSet, error) { head := chain.GetHeaviestTipSet() predefined := blkParam.PredefinedBlock if predefined != nil { if *predefined == "earliest" { return nil, fmt.Errorf("block param \"earliest\" is not supported") } else if *predefined == "pending" { return head, nil } else if *predefined == "latest" { parent, err := chain.GetTipSetFromKey(ctx, head.Parents()) if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot get parent tipset") } return parent, nil } else { return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown predefined block %s", *predefined) } } if blkParam.BlockNumber != nil { height := abi.ChainEpoch(*blkParam.BlockNumber) if height > head.Height()-1 { return nil, fmt.Errorf("requested a future epoch (beyond 'latest')") } ts, err := chain.GetTipsetByHeight(ctx, height, head, true) if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot get tipset at height: %v", height) } return ts, nil } if blkParam.BlockHash != nil { ts, err := chain.GetTipSetByCid(ctx, blkParam.BlockHash.ToCid()) if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot get tipset by hash: %v", err) } // verify that the tipset is in the canonical chain if blkParam.RequireCanonical { // walk up the current chain (our head) until we reach ts.Height() walkTs, err := chain.GetTipsetByHeight(ctx, ts.Height(), head, true) if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot get tipset at height: %v", ts.Height()) } // verify that it equals the expected tipset if !walkTs.Equals(ts) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("tipset is not canonical") } } return ts, nil } return nil, errors.New("invalid block param") } func ethCallToFilecoinMessage(ctx context.Context, tx ethtypes.EthCall) (*types.Message, error) { var from address.Address if tx.From == nil || *tx.From == (ethtypes.EthAddress{}) { // Send from the filecoin "system" address. var err error from, err = (ethtypes.EthAddress{}).ToFilecoinAddress() if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to construct the ethereum system address: %w", err) } } else { // The from address must be translatable to an f4 address. var err error from, err = tx.From.ToFilecoinAddress() if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to translate sender address (%s): %w", tx.From.String(), err) } if p := from.Protocol(); p != address.Delegated { return nil, fmt.Errorf("expected a class 4 address, got: %d: %w", p, err) } } var params []byte if len(tx.Data) > 0 { initcode := abi.CborBytes(tx.Data) params2, err := actors.SerializeParams(&initcode) if err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to serialize params: %w", err) } params = params2 } var to address.Address var method abi.MethodNum if tx.To == nil { // this is a contract creation to = builtintypes.EthereumAddressManagerActorAddr method = builtintypes.MethodsEAM.CreateExternal } else { addr, err := tx.To.ToFilecoinAddress() if err != nil { return nil, xerrors.Errorf("cannot get Filecoin address: %w", err) } to = addr method = builtintypes.MethodsEVM.InvokeContract } return &types.Message{ From: from, To: to, Value: big.Int(tx.Value), Method: method, Params: params, GasLimit: build.BlockGasLimit, GasFeeCap: big.Zero(), GasPremium: big.Zero(), }, nil } func newEthBlockFromFilecoinTipSet(ctx context.Context, ts *types.TipSet, fullTxInfo bool, cs *store.ChainStore, sa StateAPI) (ethtypes.EthBlock, error) { parentKeyCid, err := ts.Parents().Cid() if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthBlock{}, err } parentBlkHash, err := ethtypes.EthHashFromCid(parentKeyCid) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthBlock{}, err } bn := ethtypes.EthUint64(ts.Height()) blkCid, err := ts.Key().Cid() if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthBlock{}, err } blkHash, err := ethtypes.EthHashFromCid(blkCid) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthBlock{}, err } msgs, rcpts, err := messagesAndReceipts(ctx, ts, cs, sa) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthBlock{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to retrieve messages and receipts: %w", err) } block := ethtypes.NewEthBlock(len(msgs) > 0) gasUsed := int64(0) for i, msg := range msgs { rcpt := rcpts[i] ti := ethtypes.EthUint64(i) gasUsed += rcpt.GasUsed var smsg *types.SignedMessage switch msg := msg.(type) { case *types.SignedMessage: smsg = msg case *types.Message: smsg = &types.SignedMessage{ Message: *msg, Signature: crypto.Signature{ Type: crypto.SigTypeBLS, }, } default: return ethtypes.EthBlock{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to get signed msg %s: %w", msg.Cid(), err) } tx, err := newEthTxFromSignedMessage(ctx, smsg, sa) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthBlock{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to convert msg to ethTx: %w", err) } tx.ChainID = ethtypes.EthUint64(build.Eip155ChainId) tx.BlockHash = &blkHash tx.BlockNumber = &bn tx.TransactionIndex = &ti if fullTxInfo { block.Transactions = append(block.Transactions, tx) } else { block.Transactions = append(block.Transactions, tx.Hash.String()) } } block.Hash = blkHash block.Number = bn block.ParentHash = parentBlkHash block.Timestamp = ethtypes.EthUint64(ts.Blocks()[0].Timestamp) block.BaseFeePerGas = ethtypes.EthBigInt{Int: ts.Blocks()[0].ParentBaseFee.Int} block.GasUsed = ethtypes.EthUint64(gasUsed) return block, nil } func messagesAndReceipts(ctx context.Context, ts *types.TipSet, cs *store.ChainStore, sa StateAPI) ([]types.ChainMsg, []types.MessageReceipt, error) { msgs, err := cs.MessagesForTipset(ctx, ts) if err != nil { return nil, nil, xerrors.Errorf("error loading messages for tipset: %v: %w", ts, err) } _, rcptRoot, err := sa.StateManager.TipSetState(ctx, ts) if err != nil { return nil, nil, xerrors.Errorf("failed to compute state: %w", err) } rcpts, err := cs.ReadReceipts(ctx, rcptRoot) if err != nil { return nil, nil, xerrors.Errorf("error loading receipts for tipset: %v: %w", ts, err) } if len(msgs) != len(rcpts) { return nil, nil, xerrors.Errorf("receipts and message array lengths didn't match for tipset: %v: %w", ts, err) } return msgs, rcpts, nil } const errorFunctionSelector = "\x08\xc3\x79\xa0" // Error(string) const panicFunctionSelector = "\x4e\x48\x7b\x71" // Panic(uint256) // Eth ABI (solidity) panic codes. var panicErrorCodes map[uint64]string = map[uint64]string{ 0x00: "Panic()", 0x01: "Assert()", 0x11: "ArithmeticOverflow()", 0x12: "DivideByZero()", 0x21: "InvalidEnumVariant()", 0x22: "InvalidStorageArray()", 0x31: "PopEmptyArray()", 0x32: "ArrayIndexOutOfBounds()", 0x41: "OutOfMemory()", 0x51: "CalledUninitializedFunction()", } // Parse an ABI encoded revert reason. This reason should be encoded as if it were the parameters to // an `Error(string)` function call. // // See https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/control-structures.html#panic-via-assert-and-error-via-require func parseEthRevert(ret []byte) string { if len(ret) == 0 { return "none" } var cbytes abi.CborBytes if err := cbytes.UnmarshalCBOR(bytes.NewReader(ret)); err != nil { return "ERROR: revert reason is not cbor encoded bytes" } if len(cbytes) == 0 { return "none" } // If it's not long enough to contain an ABI encoded response, return immediately. if len(cbytes) < 4+32 { return ethtypes.EthBytes(cbytes).String() } switch string(cbytes[:4]) { case panicFunctionSelector: cbytes := cbytes[4 : 4+32] // Read the and check the code. code, err := ethtypes.EthUint64FromBytes(cbytes) if err != nil { // If it's too big, just return the raw value. codeInt := big.PositiveFromUnsignedBytes(cbytes) return fmt.Sprintf("Panic(%s)", ethtypes.EthBigInt(codeInt).String()) } if s, ok := panicErrorCodes[uint64(code)]; ok { return s } return fmt.Sprintf("Panic(0x%x)", code) case errorFunctionSelector: cbytes := cbytes[4:] cbytesLen := ethtypes.EthUint64(len(cbytes)) // Read the and check the offset. offset, err := ethtypes.EthUint64FromBytes(cbytes[:32]) if err != nil { break } if cbytesLen < offset { break } // Read and check the length. if cbytesLen-offset < 32 { break } start := offset + 32 length, err := ethtypes.EthUint64FromBytes(cbytes[offset : offset+32]) if err != nil { break } if cbytesLen-start < length { break } // Slice the error message. return fmt.Sprintf("Error(%s)", cbytes[start:start+length]) } return ethtypes.EthBytes(cbytes).String() } // lookupEthAddress makes its best effort at finding the Ethereum address for a // Filecoin address. It does the following: // // 1. If the supplied address is an f410 address, we return its payload as the EthAddress. // 2. Otherwise (f0, f1, f2, f3), we look up the actor on the state tree. If it has a delegated address, we return it if it's f410 address. // 3. Otherwise, we fall back to returning a masked ID Ethereum address. If the supplied address is an f0 address, we // use that ID to form the masked ID address. // 4. Otherwise, we fetch the actor's ID from the state tree and form the masked ID with it. func lookupEthAddress(ctx context.Context, addr address.Address, sa StateAPI) (ethtypes.EthAddress, error) { // BLOCK A: We are trying to get an actual Ethereum address from an f410 address. // Attempt to convert directly, if it's an f4 address. ethAddr, err := ethtypes.EthAddressFromFilecoinAddress(addr) if err == nil && !ethAddr.IsMaskedID() { return ethAddr, nil } // Lookup on the target actor and try to get an f410 address. if actor, err := sa.StateGetActor(ctx, addr, types.EmptyTSK); err != nil { return ethtypes.EthAddress{}, err } else if actor.Address != nil { if ethAddr, err := ethtypes.EthAddressFromFilecoinAddress(*actor.Address); err == nil && !ethAddr.IsMaskedID() { return ethAddr, nil } } // BLOCK B: We gave up on getting an actual Ethereum address and are falling back to a Masked ID address. // Check if we already have an ID addr, and use it if possible. if err == nil && ethAddr.IsMaskedID() { return ethAddr, nil } // Otherwise, resolve the ID addr. idAddr, err := sa.StateLookupID(ctx, addr, types.EmptyTSK) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthAddress{}, err } return ethtypes.EthAddressFromFilecoinAddress(idAddr) } func parseEthTopics(topics ethtypes.EthTopicSpec) (map[string][][]byte, error) { keys := map[string][][]byte{} for idx, vals := range topics { if len(vals) == 0 { continue } // Ethereum topics are emitted using `LOG{0..4}` opcodes resulting in topics1..4 key := fmt.Sprintf("t%d", idx+1) for _, v := range vals { v := v // copy the ethhash to avoid repeatedly referencing the same one. keys[key] = append(keys[key], v[:]) } } return keys, nil } func ethTxHashFromMessageCid(ctx context.Context, c cid.Cid, sa StateAPI) (ethtypes.EthHash, error) { smsg, err := sa.Chain.GetSignedMessage(ctx, c) if err == nil { // This is an Eth Tx, Secp message, Or BLS message in the mpool return ethTxHashFromSignedMessage(ctx, smsg, sa) } _, err = sa.Chain.GetMessage(ctx, c) if err == nil { // This is a BLS message return ethtypes.EthHashFromCid(c) } return ethtypes.EmptyEthHash, nil } func ethTxHashFromSignedMessage(ctx context.Context, smsg *types.SignedMessage, sa StateAPI) (ethtypes.EthHash, error) { if smsg.Signature.Type == crypto.SigTypeDelegated { ethTx, err := newEthTxFromSignedMessage(ctx, smsg, sa) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EmptyEthHash, err } return ethTx.Hash, nil } else if smsg.Signature.Type == crypto.SigTypeSecp256k1 { return ethtypes.EthHashFromCid(smsg.Cid()) } else { // BLS message return ethtypes.EthHashFromCid(smsg.Message.Cid()) } } func newEthTxFromSignedMessage(ctx context.Context, smsg *types.SignedMessage, sa StateAPI) (ethtypes.EthTx, error) { var tx ethtypes.EthTx var err error // This is an eth tx if smsg.Signature.Type == crypto.SigTypeDelegated { tx, err = ethtypes.EthTxFromSignedEthMessage(smsg) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthTx{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to convert from signed message: %w", err) } tx.Hash, err = tx.TxHash() if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthTx{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to calculate hash for ethTx: %w", err) } fromAddr, err := lookupEthAddress(ctx, smsg.Message.From, sa) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthTx{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to resolve Ethereum address: %w", err) } tx.From = fromAddr } else if smsg.Signature.Type == crypto.SigTypeSecp256k1 { // Secp Filecoin Message tx = ethTxFromNativeMessage(ctx, smsg.VMMessage(), sa) tx.Hash, err = ethtypes.EthHashFromCid(smsg.Cid()) if err != nil { return tx, err } } else { // BLS Filecoin message tx = ethTxFromNativeMessage(ctx, smsg.VMMessage(), sa) tx.Hash, err = ethtypes.EthHashFromCid(smsg.Message.Cid()) if err != nil { return tx, err } } return tx, nil } // ethTxFromNativeMessage does NOT populate: // - BlockHash // - BlockNumber // - TransactionIndex // - Hash func ethTxFromNativeMessage(ctx context.Context, msg *types.Message, sa StateAPI) ethtypes.EthTx { // We don't care if we error here, conversion is best effort for non-eth transactions from, _ := lookupEthAddress(ctx, msg.From, sa) to, _ := lookupEthAddress(ctx, msg.To, sa) return ethtypes.EthTx{ To: &to, From: from, Nonce: ethtypes.EthUint64(msg.Nonce), ChainID: ethtypes.EthUint64(build.Eip155ChainId), Value: ethtypes.EthBigInt(msg.Value), Type: ethtypes.Eip1559TxType, Gas: ethtypes.EthUint64(msg.GasLimit), MaxFeePerGas: ethtypes.EthBigInt(msg.GasFeeCap), MaxPriorityFeePerGas: ethtypes.EthBigInt(msg.GasPremium), AccessList: []ethtypes.EthHash{}, } } func getSignedMessage(ctx context.Context, cs *store.ChainStore, msgCid cid.Cid) (*types.SignedMessage, error) { smsg, err := cs.GetSignedMessage(ctx, msgCid) if err != nil { // We couldn't find the signed message, it might be a BLS message, so search for a regular message. msg, err := cs.GetMessage(ctx, msgCid) if err != nil { return nil, xerrors.Errorf("failed to find msg %s: %w", msgCid, err) } smsg = &types.SignedMessage{ Message: *msg, Signature: crypto.Signature{ Type: crypto.SigTypeBLS, }, } } return smsg, nil } // newEthTxFromMessageLookup creates an ethereum transaction from filecoin message lookup. If a negative txIdx is passed // into the function, it looks up the transaction index of the message in the tipset, otherwise it uses the txIdx passed into the // function func newEthTxFromMessageLookup(ctx context.Context, msgLookup *api.MsgLookup, txIdx int, cs *store.ChainStore, sa StateAPI) (ethtypes.EthTx, error) { ts, err := cs.LoadTipSet(ctx, msgLookup.TipSet) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthTx{}, err } // This tx is located in the parent tipset parentTs, err := cs.LoadTipSet(ctx, ts.Parents()) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthTx{}, err } parentTsCid, err := parentTs.Key().Cid() if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthTx{}, err } // lookup the transactionIndex if txIdx < 0 { msgs, err := cs.MessagesForTipset(ctx, parentTs) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthTx{}, err } for i, msg := range msgs { if msg.Cid() == msgLookup.Message { txIdx = i break } } if txIdx < 0 { return ethtypes.EthTx{}, fmt.Errorf("cannot find the msg in the tipset") } } blkHash, err := ethtypes.EthHashFromCid(parentTsCid) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthTx{}, err } smsg, err := getSignedMessage(ctx, cs, msgLookup.Message) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthTx{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to get signed msg: %w", err) } tx, err := newEthTxFromSignedMessage(ctx, smsg, sa) if err != nil { return ethtypes.EthTx{}, err } var ( bn = ethtypes.EthUint64(parentTs.Height()) ti = ethtypes.EthUint64(txIdx) ) tx.ChainID = ethtypes.EthUint64(build.Eip155ChainId) tx.BlockHash = &blkHash tx.BlockNumber = &bn tx.TransactionIndex = &ti return tx, nil } func newEthTxReceipt(ctx context.Context, tx ethtypes.EthTx, lookup *api.MsgLookup, events []types.Event, cs *store.ChainStore, sa StateAPI) (api.EthTxReceipt, error) { var ( transactionIndex ethtypes.EthUint64 blockHash ethtypes.EthHash blockNumber ethtypes.EthUint64 ) if tx.TransactionIndex != nil { transactionIndex = *tx.TransactionIndex } if tx.BlockHash != nil { blockHash = *tx.BlockHash } if tx.BlockNumber != nil { blockNumber = *tx.BlockNumber } receipt := api.EthTxReceipt{ TransactionHash: tx.Hash, From: tx.From, To: tx.To, TransactionIndex: transactionIndex, BlockHash: blockHash, BlockNumber: blockNumber, Type: ethtypes.EthUint64(2), Logs: []ethtypes.EthLog{}, // empty log array is compulsory when no logs, or libraries like ethers.js break LogsBloom: ethtypes.EmptyEthBloom[:], } if lookup.Receipt.ExitCode.IsSuccess() { receipt.Status = 1 } else { receipt.Status = 0 } receipt.GasUsed = ethtypes.EthUint64(lookup.Receipt.GasUsed) // TODO: handle CumulativeGasUsed receipt.CumulativeGasUsed = ethtypes.EmptyEthInt // TODO: avoid loading the tipset twice (once here, once when we convert the message to a txn) ts, err := cs.GetTipSetFromKey(ctx, lookup.TipSet) if err != nil { return api.EthTxReceipt{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to lookup tipset %s when constructing the eth txn receipt: %w", lookup.TipSet, err) } // The tx is located in the parent tipset parentTs, err := cs.LoadTipSet(ctx, ts.Parents()) if err != nil { return api.EthTxReceipt{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to lookup tipset %s when constructing the eth txn receipt: %w", ts.Parents(), err) } baseFee := parentTs.Blocks()[0].ParentBaseFee gasOutputs := vm.ComputeGasOutputs(lookup.Receipt.GasUsed, int64(tx.Gas), baseFee, big.Int(tx.MaxFeePerGas), big.Int(tx.MaxPriorityFeePerGas), true) totalSpent := big.Sum(gasOutputs.BaseFeeBurn, gasOutputs.MinerTip, gasOutputs.OverEstimationBurn) effectiveGasPrice := big.Zero() if lookup.Receipt.GasUsed > 0 { effectiveGasPrice = big.Div(totalSpent, big.NewInt(lookup.Receipt.GasUsed)) } receipt.EffectiveGasPrice = ethtypes.EthBigInt(effectiveGasPrice) if receipt.To == nil && lookup.Receipt.ExitCode.IsSuccess() { // Create and Create2 return the same things. var ret eam.CreateExternalReturn if err := ret.UnmarshalCBOR(bytes.NewReader(lookup.Receipt.Return)); err != nil { return api.EthTxReceipt{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to parse contract creation result: %w", err) } addr := ethtypes.EthAddress(ret.EthAddress) receipt.ContractAddress = &addr } if len(events) > 0 { receipt.Logs = make([]ethtypes.EthLog, 0, len(events)) for i, evt := range events { l := ethtypes.EthLog{ Removed: false, LogIndex: ethtypes.EthUint64(i), TransactionHash: tx.Hash, TransactionIndex: transactionIndex, BlockHash: blockHash, BlockNumber: blockNumber, } data, topics, ok := ethLogFromEvent(evt.Entries) if !ok { // not an eth event. continue } for _, topic := range topics { log.Debug("LogsBloom set for ", topic) ethtypes.EthBloomSet(receipt.LogsBloom, topic[:]) } l.Data = data l.Topics = topics addr, err := address.NewIDAddress(uint64(evt.Emitter)) if err != nil { return api.EthTxReceipt{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to create ID address: %w", err) } l.Address, err = lookupEthAddress(ctx, addr, sa) if err != nil { return api.EthTxReceipt{}, xerrors.Errorf("failed to resolve Ethereum address: %w", err) } ethtypes.EthBloomSet(receipt.LogsBloom, l.Address[:]) receipt.Logs = append(receipt.Logs, l) } } return receipt, nil } func encodeFilecoinParamsAsABI(method abi.MethodNum, codec uint64, params []byte) []byte { buf := []byte{0x86, 0x8e, 0x10, 0xc4} // Native method selector. return append(buf, encodeAsABIHelper(uint64(method), codec, params)...) } func encodeFilecoinReturnAsABI(exitCode exitcode.ExitCode, codec uint64, data []byte) []byte { return encodeAsABIHelper(uint64(exitCode), codec, data) } // Format 2 numbers followed by an arbitrary byte array as solidity ABI. Both our native // inputs/outputs follow the same pattern, so we can reuse this code. func encodeAsABIHelper(param1 uint64, param2 uint64, data []byte) []byte { const EVM_WORD_SIZE = 32 // The first two params are "static" numbers. Then, we record the offset of the "data" arg, // then, at that offset, we record the length of the data. // // In practice, this means we have 4 256-bit words back to back where the third arg (the // offset) is _always_ '32*3'. staticArgs := []uint64{param1, param2, EVM_WORD_SIZE * 3, uint64(len(data))} // We always pad out to the next EVM "word" (32 bytes). totalWords := len(staticArgs) + (len(data) / EVM_WORD_SIZE) if len(data)%EVM_WORD_SIZE != 0 { totalWords++ } len := totalWords * EVM_WORD_SIZE buf := make([]byte, len) offset := 0 // Below, we use copy instead of "appending" to preserve all the zero padding. for _, arg := range staticArgs { // Write each "arg" into the last 8 bytes of each 32 byte word. offset += EVM_WORD_SIZE start := offset - 8 binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(buf[start:offset], arg) } // Finally, we copy in the data. copy(buf[offset:], data) return buf }