diff --git a/chain/vm/vm.go b/chain/vm/vm.go
index 1a30b0c93..95110b6f0 100644
--- a/chain/vm/vm.go
+++ b/chain/vm/vm.go
@@ -92,8 +92,6 @@ func (vmc *VMContext) Origin() address.Address {
 	return vmc.origin
 }
 
-var oldSend = false
-
 // Send allows the current execution context to invoke methods on other actors in the system
 func (vmc *VMContext) Send(to address.Address, method uint64, value types.BigInt, params []byte) ([]byte, aerrors.ActorError) {
 	ctx, span := trace.StartSpan(vmc.ctx, "vm.send")
@@ -113,27 +111,9 @@ func (vmc *VMContext) Send(to address.Address, method uint64, value types.BigInt
 		Value:  value,
 		Params: params,
 	}
-	if oldSend {
 
-		toAct, err := vmc.state.GetActor(to)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, aerrors.Absorb(err, 2, "could not find actor for Send")
-		}
-
-		nvmctx := vmc.vm.makeVMContext(ctx, toAct.Head, vmc.origin, msg)
-
-		res, aerr := vmc.vm.Invoke(toAct, nvmctx, method, params)
-		if aerr != nil {
-			return nil, aerr
-		}
-
-		toAct.Head = nvmctx.Storage().GetHead()
-
-		return res, nil
-	} else {
-		ret, err, _ := vmc.vm.send(ctx, vmc.origin, msg)
-		return ret, err
-	}
+	ret, err, _ := vmc.vm.send(ctx, vmc.origin, msg)
+	return ret, err
 }
 
 // BlockHeight returns the height of the block this message was added to the chain in
@@ -259,131 +239,49 @@ func (vm *VM) ApplyMessage(ctx context.Context, msg *types.Message) (*ApplyRet,
 		return nil, xerrors.Errorf("from actor not found: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if oldSend {
-		gascost := types.BigMul(msg.GasLimit, msg.GasPrice)
-		totalCost := types.BigAdd(gascost, msg.Value)
-		if types.BigCmp(fromActor.Balance, totalCost) < 0 {
-			return nil, xerrors.Errorf("not enough funds")
-		}
-
-		if msg.Nonce != fromActor.Nonce {
-			return nil, xerrors.Errorf("invalid nonce (got %d, expected %d)", msg.Nonce, fromActor.Nonce)
-		}
-		fromActor.Nonce++
-
-		toActor, err := st.GetActor(msg.To)
-		if err != nil {
-			if xerrors.Is(err, types.ErrActorNotFound) {
-				a, err := TryCreateAccountActor(st, msg.To)
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, err
-				}
-				toActor = a
-			} else {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-		}
-
-		if err := DeductFunds(fromActor, totalCost); err != nil {
-			return nil, xerrors.Errorf("failed to deduct funds: %w", err)
-		}
-		DepositFunds(toActor, msg.Value)
-
-		vmctx := vm.makeVMContext(ctx, toActor.Head, msg.From, msg)
-
-		var errcode byte
-		var ret []byte
-		var actorError aerrors.ActorError
-
-		if msg.Method != 0 {
-			ret, actorError = vm.Invoke(toActor, vmctx, msg.Method, msg.Params)
-
-			if aerrors.IsFatal(actorError) {
-				return nil, xerrors.Errorf("during invoke: %w", actorError)
-			}
-
-			if errcode = aerrors.RetCode(actorError); errcode != 0 {
-				// revert all state changes since snapshot
-				if err := st.Revert(); err != nil {
-					return nil, xerrors.Errorf("revert state failed: %w", err)
-				}
-
-				gascost := types.BigMul(vmctx.GasUsed(), msg.GasPrice)
-				if err := DeductFunds(fromActor, gascost); err != nil {
-					panic("invariant violated: " + err.Error())
-				}
-
-			} else {
-				// Update actor head reference
-				toActor.Head = vmctx.storage.head
-				// refund unused gas
-				refund := types.BigMul(types.BigSub(msg.GasLimit, vmctx.GasUsed()), msg.GasPrice)
-				DepositFunds(fromActor, refund)
-			}
-		}
-
-		// reward miner gas fees
-		miner, err := st.GetActor(vm.blockMiner)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, xerrors.Errorf("getting block miner actor (%s) failed: %w", vm.blockMiner, err)
-		}
-
-		gasReward := types.BigMul(msg.GasPrice, vmctx.GasUsed())
-		DepositFunds(miner, gasReward)
-
-		return &ApplyRet{
-			MessageReceipt: types.MessageReceipt{
-				ExitCode: errcode,
-				Return:   ret,
-				GasUsed:  vmctx.GasUsed(),
-			},
-			ActorErr: actorError,
-		}, nil
-	} else {
-		gascost := types.BigMul(msg.GasLimit, msg.GasPrice)
-		totalCost := types.BigAdd(gascost, msg.Value)
-		if types.BigCmp(fromActor.Balance, totalCost) < 0 {
-			return nil, xerrors.Errorf("not enough funds")
-		}
-		if err := DeductFunds(fromActor, gascost); err != nil {
-			return nil, xerrors.Errorf("failed to deduct funds: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		if msg.Nonce != fromActor.Nonce {
-			return nil, xerrors.Errorf("invalid nonce (got %d, expected %d)", msg.Nonce, fromActor.Nonce)
-		}
-		fromActor.Nonce++
-		ret, actorErr, vmctx := vm.send(ctx, msg.From, msg)
-
-		var errcode uint8
-		if errcode = aerrors.RetCode(actorErr); errcode != 0 {
-			// revert all state changes since snapshot
-			if err := st.Revert(); err != nil {
-				return nil, xerrors.Errorf("revert state failed: %w", err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			// refund unused gas
-			refund := types.BigMul(types.BigSub(msg.GasLimit, vmctx.GasUsed()), msg.GasPrice)
-			DepositFunds(fromActor, refund)
-		}
-
-		miner, err := st.GetActor(vm.blockMiner)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, xerrors.Errorf("getting block miner actor (%s) failed: %w", vm.blockMiner, err)
-		}
-
-		gasReward := types.BigMul(msg.GasPrice, vmctx.GasUsed())
-		DepositFunds(miner, gasReward)
-
-		return &ApplyRet{
-			MessageReceipt: types.MessageReceipt{
-				ExitCode: errcode,
-				Return:   ret,
-				GasUsed:  vmctx.GasUsed(),
-			},
-			ActorErr: actorErr,
-		}, nil
+	gascost := types.BigMul(msg.GasLimit, msg.GasPrice)
+	totalCost := types.BigAdd(gascost, msg.Value)
+	if types.BigCmp(fromActor.Balance, totalCost) < 0 {
+		return nil, xerrors.Errorf("not enough funds")
 	}
+	if err := DeductFunds(fromActor, gascost); err != nil {
+		return nil, xerrors.Errorf("failed to deduct funds: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if msg.Nonce != fromActor.Nonce {
+		return nil, xerrors.Errorf("invalid nonce (got %d, expected %d)", msg.Nonce, fromActor.Nonce)
+	}
+	fromActor.Nonce++
+	ret, actorErr, vmctx := vm.send(ctx, msg.From, msg)
+
+	var errcode uint8
+	if errcode = aerrors.RetCode(actorErr); errcode != 0 {
+		// revert all state changes since snapshot
+		if err := st.Revert(); err != nil {
+			return nil, xerrors.Errorf("revert state failed: %w", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// refund unused gas
+		refund := types.BigMul(types.BigSub(msg.GasLimit, vmctx.GasUsed()), msg.GasPrice)
+		DepositFunds(fromActor, refund)
+	}
+
+	miner, err := st.GetActor(vm.blockMiner)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, xerrors.Errorf("getting block miner actor (%s) failed: %w", vm.blockMiner, err)
+	}
+
+	gasReward := types.BigMul(msg.GasPrice, vmctx.GasUsed())
+	DepositFunds(miner, gasReward)
+
+	return &ApplyRet{
+		MessageReceipt: types.MessageReceipt{
+			ExitCode: errcode,
+			Return:   ret,
+			GasUsed:  vmctx.GasUsed(),
+		},
+		ActorErr: actorErr,
+	}, nil
 }
 
 func (vm *VM) Flush(ctx context.Context) (cid.Cid, error) {