laconicd/x/evm/keeper/state_transition.go

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package keeper
import (
"errors"
"math/big"
"os"
"time"
"github.com/palantir/stacktrace"
tmtypes "github.com/tendermint/tendermint/types"
"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/telemetry"
sdk "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types"
sdkerrors "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types/errors"
authtypes "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/auth/types"
ethermint "github.com/tharsis/ethermint/types"
"github.com/tharsis/ethermint/x/evm/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
ethtypes "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
)
// NewEVM generates an ethereum VM from the provided Message fields and the ChainConfig.
func (k *Keeper) NewEVM(msg core.Message, config *params.ChainConfig) *vm.EVM {
blockCtx := vm.BlockContext{
CanTransfer: core.CanTransfer,
Transfer: core.Transfer,
GetHash: k.GetHashFn(),
Coinbase: common.Address{}, // there's no beneficiary since we're not mining
GasLimit: ethermint.BlockGasLimit(k.ctx),
BlockNumber: big.NewInt(k.ctx.BlockHeight()),
Time: big.NewInt(k.ctx.BlockHeader().Time.Unix()),
Difficulty: big.NewInt(0), // unused. Only required in PoW context
}
txCtx := core.NewEVMTxContext(msg)
vmConfig := k.VMConfig()
return vm.NewEVM(blockCtx, txCtx, k, config, vmConfig)
}
// VMConfig creates an EVM configuration from the module parameters and the debug setting.
// The config generated uses the default JumpTable from the EVM.
func (k Keeper) VMConfig() vm.Config {
params := k.GetParams(k.ctx)
return vm.Config{
Debug: k.debug,
Tracer: vm.NewJSONLogger(&vm.LogConfig{Debug: k.debug}, os.Stderr), // TODO: consider using the Struct Logger too
NoRecursion: false, // TODO: consider disabling recursion though params
ExtraEips: params.EIPs(),
}
}
// GetHashFn implements vm.GetHashFunc for Ethermint. It handles 3 cases:
// 1. The requested height matches the current height from context (and thus same epoch number)
// 2. The requested height is from an previous height from the same chain epoch
// 3. The requested height is from a height greater than the latest one
func (k Keeper) GetHashFn() vm.GetHashFunc {
return func(height uint64) common.Hash {
h := int64(height)
switch {
case k.ctx.BlockHeight() == h:
// Case 1: The requested height matches the one from the context so we can retrieve the header
// hash directly from the context.
return common.BytesToHash(k.ctx.HeaderHash())
case k.ctx.BlockHeight() > h:
// Case 2: if the chain is not the current height we need to retrieve the hash from the store for the
// current chain epoch. This only applies if the current height is greater than the requested height.
histInfo, found := k.stakingKeeper.GetHistoricalInfo(k.ctx, h)
if !found {
k.Logger(k.ctx).Debug("historical info not found", "height", h)
return common.Hash{}
}
header, err := tmtypes.HeaderFromProto(&histInfo.Header)
if err != nil {
k.Logger(k.ctx).Error("failed to cast tendermint header from proto", "error", err)
return common.Hash{}
}
return common.BytesToHash(header.Hash())
default:
// Case 3: heights greater than the current one returns an empty hash.
return common.Hash{}
}
}
}
// ApplyTransaction runs and attempts to perform a state transition with the given transaction (i.e Message), that will
// only be persisted to the underlying KVStore if the transaction does not error.
//
// Gas tracking
//
// Ethereum consumes gas according to the EVM opcodes instead of general reads and writes to store. Because of this, the
// state transition needs to ignore the SDK gas consumption mechanism defined by the GasKVStore and instead consume the
// amount of gas used by the VM execution. The amount of gas used is tracked by the EVM and returned in the execution
// result.
//
// Prior to the execution, the starting tx gas meter is saved and replaced with an infinite gas meter in a new context
// in order to ignore the SDK gas consumption config values (read, write, has, delete).
// After the execution, the gas used from the message execution will be added to the starting gas consumed, taking into
// consideration the amount of gas returned. Finally, the context is updated with the EVM gas consumed value prior to
// returning.
//
// For relevant discussion see: https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/discussions/9072
func (k *Keeper) ApplyTransaction(tx *ethtypes.Transaction) (*types.MsgEthereumTxResponse, error) {
defer telemetry.ModuleMeasureSince(types.ModuleName, time.Now(), types.MetricKeyTransitionDB)
cfg, found := k.GetChainConfig(k.ctx)
if !found {
return nil, stacktrace.Propagate(types.ErrChainConfigNotFound, "configuration not found")
}
ethCfg := cfg.EthereumConfig(k.eip155ChainID)
// get the latest signer according to the chain rules from the config
signer := ethtypes.MakeSigner(ethCfg, big.NewInt(k.ctx.BlockHeight()))
msg, err := tx.AsMessage(signer)
if err != nil {
return nil, stacktrace.Propagate(err, "failed to return ethereum transaction as core message")
}
// create an ethereum StateTransition instance and run TransitionDb
// we use a ctx context to avoid modifying to state in case EVM msg is reverted
originalCtx := k.ctx
cacheCtx, commit := k.ctx.CacheContext()
k.ctx = cacheCtx
evm := k.NewEVM(msg, ethCfg)
k.SetTxHashTransient(tx.Hash())
k.IncreaseTxIndexTransient()
res, err := k.ApplyMessage(evm, msg, ethCfg)
if err != nil {
return nil, stacktrace.Propagate(err, "failed to apply ethereum core message")
}
txHash := tx.Hash()
res.Hash = txHash.Hex()
// Set the bloom filter and commit only if transaction is NOT reverted
if !res.Reverted {
logs := k.GetTxLogs(txHash)
res.Logs = types.NewLogsFromEth(logs)
// update block bloom filter
bloom := k.GetBlockBloomTransient()
bloom.Or(bloom, big.NewInt(0).SetBytes(ethtypes.LogsBloom(logs)))
k.SetBlockBloomTransient(bloom)
commit()
}
// refund gas prior to handling the vm error in order to set the updated gas meter
k.ctx = originalCtx
leftoverGas := msg.Gas() - res.GasUsed
leftoverGas, err = k.RefundGas(msg, leftoverGas)
if err != nil {
return nil, stacktrace.Propagate(err, "failed to refund gas leftover gas to sender %s", msg.From())
}
// update the gas used after refund
res.GasUsed = msg.Gas() - leftoverGas
k.resetGasMeterAndConsumeGas(res.GasUsed)
return res, nil
}
// Gas consumption notes (write doc from this)
// gas = remaining gas = limit - consumed
// Gas consumption in ethereum:
// 0. Buy gas -> deduct gasLimit * gasPrice from user account
// 0.1 leftover gas = gas limit
// 1. consume intrinsic gas
// 1.1 leftover gas = leftover gas - intrinsic gas
// 2. Exec vm functions by passing the gas (i.e remaining gas)
// 2.1 final leftover gas returned after spending gas from the opcodes jump tables
// 3. Refund amount = max(gasConsumed / 2, gas refund), where gas refund is a local variable
// TODO: (@fedekunze) currently we consume the entire gas limit in the ante handler, so if a transaction fails
// the amount spent will be grater than the gas spent in an Ethereum tx (i.e here the leftover gas won't be refunded).
// ApplyMessage computes the new state by applying the given message against the existing state.
// If the message fails, the VM execution error with the reason will be returned to the client
// and the transaction won't be committed to the store.
//
// Reverted state
//
// The transaction is never "reverted" since there is no snapshot + rollback performed on the StateDB.
// Only successful transactions are written to the store during DeliverTx mode.
//
// Prechecks and Preprocessing
//
// All relevant state transition prechecks for the MsgEthereumTx are performed on the AnteHandler,
// prior to running the transaction against the state. The prechecks run are the following:
//
// 1. the nonce of the message caller is correct
// 2. caller has enough balance to cover transaction fee(gaslimit * gasprice)
// 3. the amount of gas required is available in the block
// 4. the purchased gas is enough to cover intrinsic usage
// 5. there is no overflow when calculating intrinsic gas
// 6. caller has enough balance to cover asset transfer for **topmost** call
//
// The preprocessing steps performed by the AnteHandler are:
//
// 1. set up the initial access list (iff fork > Berlin)
func (k *Keeper) ApplyMessage(evm *vm.EVM, msg core.Message, cfg *params.ChainConfig) (*types.MsgEthereumTxResponse, error) {
var (
ret []byte // return bytes from evm execution
vmErr error // vm errors do not effect consensus and are therefore not assigned to err
)
sender := vm.AccountRef(msg.From())
contractCreation := msg.To() == nil
intrinsicGas, err := k.GetEthIntrinsicGas(msg, cfg, contractCreation)
if err != nil {
// should have already been checked on Ante Handler
return nil, stacktrace.Propagate(err, "intrinsic gas failed")
}
// should be > 0 as it is checked on Ante Handler
leftoverGas := msg.Gas() - intrinsicGas
if contractCreation {
ret, _, leftoverGas, vmErr = evm.Create(sender, msg.Data(), leftoverGas, msg.Value())
} else {
ret, leftoverGas, vmErr = evm.Call(sender, *msg.To(), msg.Data(), leftoverGas, msg.Value())
}
var reverted bool
if vmErr != nil {
if !errors.Is(vmErr, vm.ErrExecutionReverted) {
// wrap the VM error
return nil, stacktrace.Propagate(sdkerrors.Wrap(types.ErrVMExecution, vmErr.Error()), "vm execution failed")
}
reverted = true
}
gasUsed := msg.Gas() - leftoverGas
return &types.MsgEthereumTxResponse{
Ret: ret,
Reverted: reverted,
GasUsed: gasUsed,
}, nil
}
// GetEthIntrinsicGas get the transaction intrinsic gas cost
func (k *Keeper) GetEthIntrinsicGas(msg core.Message, cfg *params.ChainConfig, isContractCreation bool) (uint64, error) {
height := big.NewInt(k.ctx.BlockHeight())
homestead := cfg.IsHomestead(height)
istanbul := cfg.IsIstanbul(height)
return core.IntrinsicGas(msg.Data(), msg.AccessList(), isContractCreation, homestead, istanbul)
}
// GasToRefund calculate the amount of gas should refund to sender
func (k *Keeper) GasToRefund(gasConsumed uint64) uint64 {
// Apply refund counter, capped to half of the used gas.
refund := gasConsumed / 2
availableRefund := k.GetRefund()
if refund > availableRefund {
return availableRefund
}
return refund
}
// RefundGas transfers the leftover gas to the sender of the message, caped to half of the total gas
// consumed in the transaction. Additionally, the function sets the total gas consumed to the value
// returned by the EVM execution, thus ignoring the previous intrinsic gas consumed during in the
// AnteHandler.
func (k *Keeper) RefundGas(msg core.Message, leftoverGas uint64) (uint64, error) {
if leftoverGas > msg.Gas() {
return leftoverGas, stacktrace.Propagate(
sdkerrors.Wrapf(types.ErrInconsistentGas, "leftover gas cannot be greater than gas limit (%d > %d)", leftoverGas, msg.Gas()),
"failed to update gas consumed after refund of leftover gas",
)
}
gasConsumed := msg.Gas() - leftoverGas
refund := k.GasToRefund(gasConsumed)
leftoverGas += refund
if leftoverGas > msg.Gas() {
return leftoverGas, stacktrace.Propagate(
sdkerrors.Wrapf(types.ErrInconsistentGas, "leftover gas cannot be greater than gas limit (%d > %d)", leftoverGas, msg.Gas()),
"failed to update gas consumed after refund of %d gas", refund,
)
}
// Return EVM tokens for remaining gas, exchanged at the original rate.
remaining := new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(leftoverGas), msg.GasPrice())
switch remaining.Sign() {
case -1:
// negative refund errors
return leftoverGas, sdkerrors.Wrapf(types.ErrInvalidRefund, "refunded amount value cannot be negative %d", remaining.Int64())
case 1:
// positive amount refund
params := k.GetParams(k.ctx)
refundedCoins := sdk.Coins{sdk.NewCoin(params.EvmDenom, sdk.NewIntFromBigInt(remaining))}
// refund to sender from the fee collector module account, which is the escrow account in charge of collecting tx fees
err := k.bankKeeper.SendCoinsFromModuleToAccount(k.ctx, authtypes.FeeCollectorName, msg.From().Bytes(), refundedCoins)
if err != nil {
err = sdkerrors.Wrapf(sdkerrors.ErrInsufficientFunds, "fee collector account failed to refund fees: %s", err.Error())
return leftoverGas, stacktrace.Propagate(err, "failed to refund %d leftover gas (%s)", leftoverGas, refundedCoins.String())
}
default:
// no refund, consume gas and update the tx gas meter
}
return leftoverGas, nil
}
// resetGasMeterAndConsumeGas reset first the gas meter consumed value to zero and set it back to the new value
// 'gasUsed'
func (k *Keeper) resetGasMeterAndConsumeGas(gasUsed uint64) {
// reset the gas count
k.ctx.GasMeter().RefundGas(k.ctx.GasMeter().GasConsumed(), "reset the gas count")
k.ctx.GasMeter().ConsumeGas(gasUsed, "apply evm transaction")
}