imp(evm): define minimum GasUsed proportional to GasLimit (#1087)

* min gas denominator implementation

* update changelog

* modify MinGasDenominator type to sdk.Dec

* fix typo in comments

* add comments

* update comment

* refactor logic

* remove unnecesary test

* fix typo on proto

* rename param

* fix tests

* use truncate and run mod tidy

* comment to default value

* update changelog

* rename temporary gas used

* integration tests

* add migrations

* add default as var

Co-authored-by: Federico Kunze Küllmer <31522760+fedekunze@users.noreply.github.com>

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ Ref: https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/
 ### State Machine Breaking
 
 * (ante) [tharsis#1060](https://github.com/tharsis/ethermint/pull/1060) Check `EnableCreate`/`EnableCall` in `AnteHandler` to short-circuit EVM transactions.
+* (evm) [tharsis#1087](https://github.com/tharsis/ethermint/pull/1087) Minimum GasUsed proportional to GasLimit and `MinGasDenominator` EVM module param.
 
 ### API Breaking
 

docs/api/proto-docs.md

@@ -227,6 +227,7 @@ Params defines the EVM module parameters
 | `enable_call` | [bool](#bool) |  | enable call toggles state transitions that use the vm.Call function |
 | `extra_eips` | [int64](#int64) | repeated | extra eips defines the additional EIPs for the vm.Config |
 | `chain_config` | [ChainConfig](#ethermint.evm.v1.ChainConfig) |  | chain config defines the EVM chain configuration parameters |
+| `min_gas_multiplier` | [string](#string) |  | min gas denominator bounds the minimum gasUsed to be charged to senders based on GasLimit |
 
 
 

go.mod

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/tendermint/tendermint v0.34.20-0.20220517115723-e6f071164839
 	github.com/tendermint/tm-db v0.6.7
 	github.com/tyler-smith/go-bip39 v1.1.0
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220414192740-2d67ff6cf2b4
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220518221133-4f43b3371335
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.46.2
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.28.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/zondax/hid v0.9.0 // indirect
 	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.6 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220411220226-7b82a4e95df4 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220518034528-6f7dac969898 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220412020605-290c469a71a5 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220412211240-33da011f77ad // indirect

go.sum

@@ -1241,8 +1241,9 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210616213533-5ff15b29337e/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5y
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210817164053-32db794688a5/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210915214749-c084706c2272/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211108221036-ceb1ce70b4fa/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220411220226-7b82a4e95df4 h1:kUhD7nTDoI3fVd9G4ORWrbV5NY0liEs/Jg2pv5f+bBA=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220411220226-7b82a4e95df4/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220518034528-6f7dac969898 h1:SLP7Q4Di66FONjDJbCYrCRrh97focO6sLogHO7/g8F0=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220518034528-6f7dac969898/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20180321215751-8460e604b9de/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20180807140117-3d87b88a115f/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
@@ -1731,8 +1732,8 @@ google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220304144024-325a89244dc8/go.mod h1:kGP+zUP2
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220310185008-1973136f34c6/go.mod h1:kGP+zUP2Ddo0ayMi4YuN7C3WZyJvGLZRh8Z5wnAqvEI=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220324131243-acbaeb5b85eb/go.mod h1:hAL49I2IFola2sVEjAn7MEwsja0xp51I0tlGAf9hz4E=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220407144326-9054f6ed7bac/go.mod h1:8w6bsBMX6yCPbAVTeqQHvzxW0EIFigd5lZyahWgyfDo=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220414192740-2d67ff6cf2b4 h1:myaecH64R0bIEDjNORIel4iXubqzaHU1K2z8ajBwWcM=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220518221133-4f43b3371335 h1:2D0OT6tPVdrQTOnVe1VQjfJPTED6EZ7fdJ/f6Db6OsY=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220414192740-2d67ff6cf2b4/go.mod h1:8w6bsBMX6yCPbAVTeqQHvzxW0EIFigd5lZyahWgyfDo=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220518221133-4f43b3371335/go.mod h1:RAyBrSAP7Fh3Nc84ghnVLDPuV51xc9agzmm4Ph6i0Q4=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.2 h1:EQyQC3sa8M+p6Ulc8yy9SWSS2GVwyRc83gAbG8lrl4o=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.2/go.mod h1:JMHMWHQWaTccqQQlmk3MJZS+GWXOdAesneDmEnv2fbc=
 google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.1.0/go.mod h1:6Kw0yEErY5E/yWrBtf03jp27GLLJujG4z/JK95pnjjw=

proto/ethermint/evm/v1/evm.proto

@@ -24,6 +24,12 @@ message Params {
     (gogoproto.moretags) = "yaml:\"chain_config\"",
     (gogoproto.nullable) = false
   ];
+  // min gas denominator bounds the minimum gasUsed to be charged
+  // to senders based on GasLimit
+  string min_gas_multiplier = 6 [
+    (gogoproto.customtype) = "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.Dec",
+    (gogoproto.nullable) = false
+  ];
 }
 
 // ChainConfig defines the Ethereum ChainConfig parameters using *sdk.Int values

tests/e2e/integration_test.go

@@ -837,3 +837,58 @@ func (s *IntegrationTestSuite) TestBatchETHTransactions() {
 		s.Require().Equal(accountNonce+uint64(i)+1, tx.Nonce())
 	}
 }
+
+func (s *IntegrationTestSuite) TestGasConsumptionOnNormalTransfer() {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name            string
+		gasLimit        uint64
+		expectedGasUsed uint64
+	}{
+		{
+			"gas used is the same as gas limit",
+			21000,
+			21000,
+		},
+		{
+			"gas used is half of Gas limit",
+			70000,
+			35000,
+		},
+		{
+			"gas used is less than half of gasLimit",
+			30000,
+			21000,
+		},
+	}
+
+	recipient := common.HexToAddress("0x378c50D9264C63F3F92B806d4ee56E9D86FfB3Ec")
+	chainID, err := s.network.Validators[0].JSONRPCClient.ChainID(s.ctx)
+	s.Require().NoError(err)
+	from := common.BytesToAddress(s.network.Validators[0].Address)
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		s.Run(tc.name, func() {
+			nonce := s.getAccountNonce(from)
+			s.Require().NoError(err)
+			gasPrice := s.getGasPrice()
+			msgTx := evmtypes.NewTx(
+				chainID,
+				nonce,
+				&recipient,
+				nil,
+				tc.gasLimit,
+				gasPrice,
+				nil, nil,
+				nil,
+				nil,
+			)
+			msgTx.From = from.Hex()
+			err = msgTx.Sign(s.ethSigner, s.network.Validators[0].ClientCtx.Keyring)
+			s.Require().NoError(err)
+			err := s.network.Validators[0].JSONRPCClient.SendTransaction(s.ctx, msgTx.AsTransaction())
+			s.Require().NoError(err)
+			s.waitForTransaction()
+			receipt := s.expectSuccessReceipt(msgTx.AsTransaction().Hash())
+			s.Equal(receipt.GasUsed, tc.expectedGasUsed)
+		})
+	}
+}

x/evm/keeper/migrations.go

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 package keeper
 
+import (
+	sdk "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types"
+	v2 "github.com/tharsis/ethermint/x/evm/migrations/v2"
+)
+
 // Migrator is a struct for handling in-place store migrations.
 type Migrator struct {
 	keeper Keeper
@@ -11,3 +16,8 @@ func NewMigrator(keeper Keeper) Migrator {
 		keeper: keeper,
 	}
 }
+
+// Migrate1to2 migrates the store from consensus version v1 to v2
+func (m Migrator) Migrate1to2(ctx sdk.Context) error {
+	return v2.AddMinGasMultiplierParam(ctx, &m.keeper.paramSpace)
+}

x/evm/keeper/state_transition.go

@@ -398,12 +398,12 @@ func (k *Keeper) ApplyMessageWithConfig(ctx sdk.Context, msg core.Message, trace
 	if msg.Gas() < leftoverGas {
 		return nil, sdkerrors.Wrap(types.ErrGasOverflow, "apply message")
 	}
-	gasUsed := msg.Gas() - leftoverGas
+	temporaryGasUsed := msg.Gas() - leftoverGas
-	refund := GasToRefund(stateDB.GetRefund(), gasUsed, refundQuotient)
+	refund := GasToRefund(stateDB.GetRefund(), temporaryGasUsed, refundQuotient)
-	if refund > gasUsed {
+	if refund > temporaryGasUsed {
 		return nil, sdkerrors.Wrap(types.ErrGasOverflow, "apply message")
 	}
-	gasUsed -= refund
+	temporaryGasUsed -= refund
 
 	// EVM execution error needs to be available for the JSON-RPC client
 	var vmError string
@@ -418,6 +418,14 @@ func (k *Keeper) ApplyMessageWithConfig(ctx sdk.Context, msg core.Message, trace
 		}
 	}
 
+	// calculate a minimum amount of gas to be charged to sender if GasLimit
+	// is considerably higher than GasUsed to stay more aligned with Tendermint gas mechanics
+	// for more info https://github.com/tharsis/ethermint/issues/1085
+	// NOTE: MinGasDenominator can not be negative as it is validated on ValidateParams
+	gasLimit := sdk.NewDec(int64(msg.Gas()))
+	minimumGasUsed := gasLimit.Mul(cfg.Params.MinGasMultiplier)
+	gasUsed := sdk.MaxDec(minimumGasUsed, sdk.NewDec(int64(temporaryGasUsed))).TruncateInt().Uint64()
+
 	return &types.MsgEthereumTxResponse{
 		GasUsed: gasUsed,
 		VmError: vmError,

x/evm/migrations/v2/migration.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package v2
+
+import (
+	sdk "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types"
+	paramtypes "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/params/types"
+	"github.com/tharsis/ethermint/x/evm/types"
+)
+
+// AddMinGasMultiplierParam updates the module parameter MinGasMultiplier to 0.5
+func AddMinGasMultiplierParam(ctx sdk.Context, paramStore *paramtypes.Subspace) error {
+	if !paramStore.HasKeyTable() {
+		ps := paramStore.WithKeyTable(types.ParamKeyTable())
+		paramStore = &ps
+	}
+
+	paramStore.Set(ctx, types.ParamStoreKeyMinGasMultiplier, types.DefaultMinGasMultiplier)
+	return nil
+}

x/evm/migrations/v2/migration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package v2_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/testutil"
+	sdk "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types"
+	paramtypes "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/x/params/types"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/tharsis/ethermint/app"
+	"github.com/tharsis/ethermint/encoding"
+	v2 "github.com/tharsis/ethermint/x/evm/migrations/v2"
+	"github.com/tharsis/ethermint/x/evm/types"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestAddMinGasMultiplierParam(t *testing.T) {
+	encCfg := encoding.MakeConfig(app.ModuleBasics)
+	erc20Key := sdk.NewKVStoreKey(types.StoreKey)
+	tErc20Key := sdk.NewTransientStoreKey(fmt.Sprintf("%s_test", types.StoreKey))
+	ctx := testutil.DefaultContext(erc20Key, tErc20Key)
+	paramStore := paramtypes.NewSubspace(
+		encCfg.Marshaler, encCfg.Amino, erc20Key, tErc20Key, "erc20",
+	)
+	paramStore = paramStore.WithKeyTable(types.ParamKeyTable())
+	require.True(t, paramStore.HasKeyTable())
+
+	// check no param
+	require.False(t, paramStore.Has(ctx, types.ParamStoreKeyMinGasMultiplier))
+
+	// Run migrations
+	err := v2.AddMinGasMultiplierParam(ctx, &paramStore)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Make sure the params are set
+	require.True(t, paramStore.Has(ctx, types.ParamStoreKeyMinGasMultiplier))
+
+	var minGasMultiplier sdk.Dec
+
+	// Make sure the new params are set
+	require.NotPanics(t, func() {
+		paramStore.Get(ctx, types.ParamStoreKeyMinGasMultiplier, &minGasMultiplier)
+	})
+
+	// check the params is up
+	require.Equal(t, minGasMultiplier, types.DefaultMinGasMultiplier)
+}

x/evm/module.go

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func (AppModuleBasic) RegisterLegacyAminoCodec(_ *codec.LegacyAmino) {
 
 // ConsensusVersion returns the consensus state-breaking version for the module.
 func (AppModuleBasic) ConsensusVersion() uint64 {
-	return 1
+	return 2
 }
 
 // DefaultGenesis returns default genesis state as raw bytes for the evm
@@ -117,13 +117,17 @@ func (AppModule) Name() string {
 func (am AppModule) RegisterInvariants(ir sdk.InvariantRegistry) {
 }
 
-// RegisterQueryService registers a GRPC query service to respond to the
+// RegisterServices registers a GRPC query service to respond to the
-// module-specific GRPC queries.
+// module-specific GRPC queries and runs necessary migrations.
 func (am AppModule) RegisterServices(cfg module.Configurator) {
 	types.RegisterMsgServer(cfg.MsgServer(), am.keeper)
 	types.RegisterQueryServer(cfg.QueryServer(), am.keeper)
 
-	_ = keeper.NewMigrator(*am.keeper)
+	migrator := keeper.NewMigrator(*am.keeper)
+	// register v1 -> v2 migration for MinGasMultiplierParam
+	if err := cfg.RegisterMigration(types.ModuleName, 1, migrator.Migrate1to2); err != nil {
+		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to migrate %s to v2: %w", types.ModuleName, err))
+	}
 }
 
 // Route returns the message routing key for the evm module.

x/evm/simulation/genesis.go

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func RandomizedGenState(simState *module.SimulationState) {
 		func(r *rand.Rand) { extraEIPs = GenExtraEIPs(r) },
 	)
 
-	params := types.NewParams(types.DefaultEVMDenom, true, true, types.DefaultChainConfig(), extraEIPs...)
+	params := types.NewParams(types.DefaultEVMDenom, true, true, types.DefaultChainConfig(), types.DefaultMinGasMultiplier, extraEIPs...)
 	evmGenesis := types.NewGenesisState(params, []types.GenesisAccount{})
 
 	bz, err := json.MarshalIndent(evmGenesis, "", " ")

x/evm/types/evm.pb.go

@@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ type Params struct {
 	ExtraEIPs []int64 `protobuf:"varint,4,rep,packed,name=extra_eips,json=extraEips,proto3" json:"extra_eips,omitempty" yaml:"extra_eips"`
 	// chain config defines the EVM chain configuration parameters
 	ChainConfig ChainConfig `protobuf:"bytes,5,opt,name=chain_config,json=chainConfig,proto3" json:"chain_config" yaml:"chain_config"`
+	// min gas denominator bounds the minimum gasUsed to be charged
+	// to senders based on GasLimit
+	MinGasMultiplier github_com_cosmos_cosmos_sdk_types.Dec `protobuf:"bytes,6,opt,name=min_gas_multiplier,json=minGasMultiplier,proto3,customtype=github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types.Dec" json:"min_gas_multiplier"`
 }
 
 func (m *Params) Reset()         { *m = Params{} }
@@ -657,100 +660,102 @@ func init() {
 func init() { proto.RegisterFile("ethermint/evm/v1/evm.proto", fileDescriptor_d21ecc92c8c8583e) }
 
 var fileDescriptor_d21ecc92c8c8583e = []byte{
-	// 1475 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
+	// 1514 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
-	0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0xff, 0x9c, 0x57, 0xdf, 0x6e, 0xdb, 0xb6,
+	0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0xff, 0x9c, 0x57, 0xcf, 0x6e, 0xdb, 0x46,
-	0x1a, 0x4f, 0x62, 0x27, 0x91, 0x69, 0xc7, 0x56, 0x98, 0x34, 0xc7, 0x4d, 0x71, 0xa2, 0x1c, 0x5d,
+	0x1a, 0xb7, 0x2d, 0xd9, 0xa6, 0x46, 0xb2, 0x44, 0x8f, 0x1d, 0xaf, 0xe2, 0x60, 0x4d, 0x2f, 0x0f,
-	0x1c, 0xe4, 0x00, 0x6d, 0xdc, 0xa4, 0x08, 0x4e, 0xd1, 0x62, 0x17, 0x51, 0x92, 0xb6, 0xc9, 0xba,
+	0x0b, 0x2f, 0x90, 0x58, 0xb1, 0x03, 0x63, 0x83, 0x04, 0x7b, 0xb0, 0x6c, 0x27, 0xb1, 0x37, 0xd9,
-	0x2d, 0x60, 0x32, 0x0c, 0x18, 0x30, 0x08, 0xb4, 0xc4, 0xca, 0x5a, 0x24, 0xd1, 0x20, 0x29, 0xd7,
+	0x35, 0xc6, 0x5e, 0x2c, 0x50, 0xb4, 0x20, 0x46, 0xe4, 0x84, 0x62, 0x4d, 0x72, 0x84, 0x99, 0xa1,
-	0x1e, 0xf6, 0x00, 0x03, 0x76, 0xb3, 0x47, 0xd8, 0x2b, 0xec, 0x2d, 0x8a, 0x5d, 0xf5, 0x66, 0xc0,
+	0x22, 0x15, 0x7d, 0x80, 0x02, 0xbd, 0xf4, 0x11, 0xfa, 0x0a, 0x45, 0x5f, 0x22, 0xe8, 0x29, 0xc7,
-	0xb0, 0x0b, 0xa1, 0x48, 0xef, 0x72, 0xe9, 0x27, 0x18, 0x44, 0xd2, 0x7f, 0x13, 0x6c, 0x4b, 0xae,
+	0xa2, 0x07, 0x22, 0x70, 0x6e, 0x3e, 0xea, 0x09, 0x0a, 0xce, 0x8c, 0xa8, 0x3f, 0x36, 0xda, 0xd8,
-	0xcc, 0xdf, 0xf7, 0xe7, 0xf7, 0x23, 0x3f, 0x7e, 0x14, 0x69, 0xb0, 0x4e, 0x44, 0x8b, 0xb0, 0x38,
+	0x27, 0xce, 0xef, 0xfb, 0xf3, 0xfb, 0xcd, 0x7c, 0xf3, 0x91, 0x33, 0x04, 0xeb, 0x44, 0xb4, 0x09,
-	0x4c, 0x44, 0x83, 0x74, 0xe2, 0x46, 0x67, 0x27, 0xff, 0xd9, 0x6e, 0x33, 0x2a, 0x28, 0x34, 0x87,
+	0x8b, 0x82, 0x58, 0x34, 0x48, 0x37, 0x6a, 0x74, 0x77, 0xb2, 0xc7, 0x76, 0x87, 0x51, 0x41, 0xa1,
-	0xbe, 0xed, 0xdc, 0xd8, 0xd9, 0x59, 0x5f, 0x0d, 0x68, 0x40, 0xa5, 0xb3, 0x91, 0x8f, 0x54, 0x9c,
+	0x99, 0xfb, 0xb6, 0x33, 0x63, 0x77, 0x67, 0x7d, 0xd5, 0xa7, 0x3e, 0x95, 0xce, 0x46, 0x36, 0x52,
-	0xfd, 0xdb, 0x1c, 0x58, 0x38, 0xc5, 0x0c, 0xc7, 0x1c, 0xee, 0x80, 0x12, 0xe9, 0xc4, 0xae, 0x4f,
+	0x71, 0xf6, 0xcf, 0x05, 0xb0, 0x70, 0x8a, 0x19, 0x8e, 0x38, 0xdc, 0x01, 0x25, 0xd2, 0x8d, 0x1c,
-	0x12, 0x1a, 0xd7, 0x67, 0x37, 0x67, 0xb7, 0x4a, 0xce, 0x6a, 0x3f, 0xb3, 0xcc, 0x1e, 0x8e, 0xa3,
+	0x8f, 0xc4, 0x34, 0xaa, 0xcf, 0x6e, 0xce, 0x6e, 0x95, 0x9a, 0xab, 0x83, 0xd4, 0x32, 0xfb, 0x38,
-	0x67, 0xf6, 0xd0, 0x65, 0x23, 0x83, 0x74, 0xe2, 0xc3, 0x7c, 0x08, 0x3f, 0x01, 0x4b, 0x24, 0xc1,
+	0x0a, 0x9f, 0xd9, 0xb9, 0xcb, 0x46, 0x06, 0xe9, 0x46, 0x87, 0xd9, 0x10, 0xfe, 0x0b, 0x2c, 0x91,
-	0xcd, 0x88, 0xb8, 0x1e, 0x23, 0x58, 0x90, 0xfa, 0xdc, 0xe6, 0xec, 0x96, 0xe1, 0xd4, 0xfb, 0x99,
+	0x18, 0xb7, 0x42, 0xe2, 0xb8, 0x8c, 0x60, 0x41, 0xea, 0x73, 0x9b, 0xb3, 0x5b, 0x46, 0xb3, 0x3e,
-	0xb5, 0xaa, 0xd3, 0xc6, 0xdd, 0x36, 0xaa, 0x28, 0x7c, 0x20, 0x21, 0xfc, 0x3f, 0x28, 0x0f, 0xfc,
+	0x48, 0xad, 0x55, 0x9d, 0x36, 0xee, 0xb6, 0x51, 0x45, 0xe1, 0x03, 0x09, 0xe1, 0x3f, 0x41, 0x79,
-	0x38, 0x8a, 0xea, 0x05, 0x99, 0xbc, 0xd6, 0xcf, 0x2c, 0x38, 0x99, 0x8c, 0xa3, 0xc8, 0x46, 0x40,
+	0xe8, 0xc7, 0x61, 0x58, 0x2f, 0xc8, 0xe4, 0xb5, 0x41, 0x6a, 0xc1, 0xc9, 0x64, 0x1c, 0x86, 0x36,
-	0xa7, 0xe2, 0x28, 0x82, 0xfb, 0x00, 0x90, 0xae, 0x60, 0xd8, 0x25, 0x61, 0x9b, 0xd7, 0x8b, 0x9b,
+	0x02, 0x3a, 0x15, 0x87, 0x21, 0xdc, 0x07, 0x80, 0xf4, 0x04, 0xc3, 0x0e, 0x09, 0x3a, 0xbc, 0x5e,
-	0x85, 0xad, 0x82, 0x63, 0x5f, 0x66, 0x56, 0xe9, 0x28, 0xb7, 0x1e, 0x1d, 0x9f, 0xf2, 0x7e, 0x66,
+	0xdc, 0x2c, 0x6c, 0x15, 0x9a, 0xf6, 0x65, 0x6a, 0x95, 0x8e, 0x32, 0xeb, 0xd1, 0xf1, 0x29, 0x1f,
-	0x2d, 0x6b, 0x92, 0x61, 0xa0, 0x8d, 0x4a, 0x12, 0x1c, 0x85, 0x6d, 0x0e, 0xbf, 0x01, 0x15, 0xaf,
+	0xa4, 0xd6, 0xb2, 0x26, 0xc9, 0x03, 0x6d, 0x54, 0x92, 0xe0, 0x28, 0xe8, 0x70, 0xf8, 0x15, 0xa8,
-	0x85, 0xc3, 0xc4, 0xf5, 0x68, 0xf2, 0x26, 0x0c, 0xea, 0xf3, 0x9b, 0xb3, 0x5b, 0xe5, 0xdd, 0x7f,
+	0xb8, 0x6d, 0x1c, 0xc4, 0x8e, 0x4b, 0xe3, 0xb7, 0x81, 0x5f, 0x9f, 0xdf, 0x9c, 0xdd, 0x2a, 0xef,
-	0x6f, 0x4f, 0xd7, 0x6d, 0xfb, 0x20, 0x8f, 0x3a, 0x90, 0x41, 0xce, 0x83, 0x77, 0x99, 0x35, 0xd3,
+	0xfe, 0x75, 0x7b, 0xba, 0x6e, 0xdb, 0x07, 0x59, 0xd4, 0x81, 0x0c, 0x6a, 0x3e, 0x78, 0x9f, 0x5a,
-	0xcf, 0xac, 0x15, 0x45, 0x3d, 0x4e, 0x60, 0xa3, 0xb2, 0x37, 0x8a, 0xb4, 0x7f, 0xa9, 0x82, 0xf2,
+	0x33, 0x83, 0xd4, 0x5a, 0x51, 0xd4, 0xe3, 0x04, 0x36, 0x2a, 0xbb, 0xa3, 0x48, 0xf8, 0x25, 0x80,
-	0x58, 0x26, 0x8c, 0x41, 0xad, 0x45, 0x63, 0xc2, 0x05, 0xc1, 0xbe, 0xdb, 0x8c, 0xa8, 0x77, 0xa1,
+	0x51, 0x10, 0x3b, 0x3e, 0xe6, 0x4e, 0x94, 0x84, 0x22, 0xe8, 0x84, 0x01, 0x61, 0xf5, 0x05, 0x59,
-	0x4b, 0x7c, 0xf8, 0x47, 0x66, 0xfd, 0x37, 0x08, 0x45, 0x2b, 0x6d, 0x6e, 0x7b, 0x34, 0x6e, 0x78,
+	0xd5, 0xed, 0x8c, 0xe5, 0xb7, 0xd4, 0xfa, 0xbb, 0x1f, 0x88, 0x76, 0xd2, 0xda, 0x76, 0x69, 0xd4,
-	0x94, 0xc7, 0x94, 0xeb, 0x9f, 0x47, 0xdc, 0xbf, 0x68, 0x88, 0x5e, 0x9b, 0xf0, 0xed, 0xe3, 0x44,
+	0x70, 0x29, 0x8f, 0x28, 0xd7, 0x8f, 0x47, 0xdc, 0xbb, 0x68, 0x88, 0x7e, 0x87, 0xf0, 0xed, 0x43,
-	0xf4, 0x33, 0x6b, 0x4d, 0x09, 0x4f, 0x51, 0xd9, 0xa8, 0x3a, 0xb4, 0x38, 0xb9, 0x01, 0xf6, 0x40,
+	0xe2, 0x22, 0x33, 0x0a, 0xe2, 0x97, 0x98, 0xbf, 0xc9, 0x79, 0xec, 0x9f, 0xaa, 0xa0, 0x3c, 0x36,
-	0xd5, 0xc7, 0xd4, 0x7d, 0x43, 0xd9, 0x85, 0x56, 0x9b, 0x93, 0x6a, 0x67, 0xff, 0x5c, 0xed, 0x32,
+	0x2f, 0x18, 0x81, 0x5a, 0x9b, 0x46, 0x84, 0x0b, 0x82, 0x3d, 0xa7, 0x15, 0x52, 0xf7, 0x42, 0x6f,
-	0xb3, 0x2a, 0x87, 0xfb, 0x5f, 0xbc, 0xa0, 0xec, 0x42, 0x72, 0xf6, 0x33, 0xeb, 0x9e, 0x52, 0x9f,
+	0xe0, 0xe1, 0x67, 0xca, 0x1c, 0xc7, 0x62, 0x90, 0x5a, 0x6b, 0x6a, 0x59, 0x53, 0x54, 0x36, 0xaa,
-	0x64, 0xb6, 0x51, 0xc5, 0xc7, 0x74, 0x18, 0x06, 0xbf, 0x02, 0xe6, 0x30, 0x80, 0xa7, 0xed, 0x36,
+	0xe6, 0x96, 0x66, 0x66, 0x80, 0x7d, 0x50, 0xf5, 0x30, 0x75, 0xde, 0x52, 0x76, 0xa1, 0xd5, 0xe6,
-	0x65, 0x42, 0xef, 0xec, 0xa3, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xaa, 0x6a, 0xca, 0x33, 0xe5, 0xe9, 0x67, 0xd6, 0xbf,
+	0xa4, 0xda, 0xd9, 0xe7, 0xab, 0x5d, 0xa6, 0x56, 0xe5, 0x70, 0xff, 0xbf, 0x2f, 0x28, 0xbb, 0x90,
-	0xa6, 0x48, 0x75, 0x8e, 0x8d, 0xaa, 0x9a, 0x56, 0x87, 0x42, 0x0e, 0x2a, 0x24, 0x6c, 0xef, 0xec,
+	0x9c, 0x83, 0xd4, 0xba, 0xa7, 0xd4, 0x27, 0x99, 0x6d, 0x54, 0xf1, 0x30, 0xcd, 0xc3, 0xe0, 0xff,
-	0x3d, 0xd6, 0x2b, 0x2a, 0xca, 0x15, 0x9d, 0xde, 0x6a, 0x45, 0xe5, 0xa3, 0xe3, 0xd3, 0x9d, 0xbd,
+	0x81, 0x99, 0x07, 0xf0, 0xa4, 0xd3, 0xa1, 0x4c, 0xe8, 0xbe, 0x79, 0x74, 0x99, 0x5a, 0x55, 0x4d,
-	0xc7, 0x83, 0x05, 0xe9, 0x7d, 0x1c, 0xa7, 0xb5, 0x51, 0x59, 0x41, 0xb5, 0x9a, 0x63, 0xa0, 0xa1,
+	0x79, 0xa6, 0x3c, 0x83, 0xd4, 0xfa, 0xcb, 0x14, 0xa9, 0xce, 0xb1, 0x51, 0x55, 0xd3, 0xea, 0x50,
-	0xdb, 0xc2, 0xbc, 0x25, 0xbb, 0xa4, 0xe4, 0x6c, 0x5d, 0x66, 0x16, 0x50, 0x4c, 0xaf, 0x30, 0x6f,
+	0xc8, 0x41, 0x85, 0x04, 0x9d, 0x9d, 0xbd, 0xc7, 0x7a, 0x45, 0x45, 0xb9, 0xa2, 0xd3, 0x5b, 0xad,
-	0x8d, 0xf6, 0xa5, 0xd9, 0xfb, 0x0e, 0x27, 0x22, 0x4c, 0xe3, 0x01, 0x17, 0x50, 0xc9, 0x79, 0xd4,
+	0xa8, 0x7c, 0x74, 0x7c, 0xba, 0xb3, 0xf7, 0x78, 0xb8, 0x20, 0xdd, 0x25, 0xe3, 0xb4, 0x36, 0x2a,
-	0x70, 0xfe, 0x7b, 0x7a, 0xfe, 0x0b, 0x77, 0x9e, 0xff, 0xde, 0x4d, 0xf3, 0xdf, 0x9b, 0x9c, 0xbf,
+	0x2b, 0xa8, 0x56, 0x73, 0x0c, 0x34, 0x74, 0xda, 0x98, 0xb7, 0x65, 0x0f, 0x96, 0x9a, 0x5b, 0x97,
-	0x8a, 0x19, 0x8a, 0x3e, 0xd5, 0xa2, 0x8b, 0x77, 0x16, 0x7d, 0x7a, 0x93, 0xe8, 0xd3, 0x49, 0x51,
+	0xa9, 0x05, 0x14, 0xd3, 0x2b, 0xcc, 0xdb, 0xa3, 0x7d, 0x69, 0xf5, 0xbf, 0xc1, 0xb1, 0x08, 0x92,
-	0x15, 0x93, 0x37, 0xfb, 0x54, 0x25, 0xea, 0xc6, 0xdd, 0x9b, 0xfd, 0x5a, 0x51, 0xab, 0x43, 0x8b,
+	0x68, 0xc8, 0x05, 0x54, 0x72, 0x16, 0x95, 0xcf, 0x7f, 0x4f, 0xcf, 0x7f, 0xe1, 0xce, 0xf3, 0xdf,
-	0x92, 0xfb, 0x1e, 0xac, 0x7a, 0x34, 0xe1, 0x22, 0xb7, 0x25, 0xb4, 0x1d, 0x11, 0xad, 0x59, 0x92,
+	0xbb, 0x69, 0xfe, 0x7b, 0x93, 0xf3, 0x57, 0x31, 0xb9, 0xe8, 0x53, 0x2d, 0xba, 0x78, 0x67, 0xd1,
-	0x9a, 0xc7, 0xb7, 0xd2, 0x7c, 0xa0, 0x4f, 0xf6, 0x0d, 0x7c, 0x36, 0x5a, 0x99, 0x34, 0x2b, 0xf5,
+	0xa7, 0x37, 0x89, 0x3e, 0x9d, 0x14, 0x55, 0x31, 0x59, 0xb3, 0x4f, 0x55, 0xa2, 0x6e, 0xdc, 0xbd,
-	0x36, 0x30, 0xdb, 0x44, 0x10, 0xc6, 0x9b, 0x29, 0x0b, 0xb4, 0x32, 0x90, 0xca, 0x47, 0xb7, 0x52,
+	0xd9, 0xaf, 0x15, 0xb5, 0x9a, 0x5b, 0x94, 0xdc, 0xb7, 0x60, 0xd5, 0xa5, 0x31, 0x17, 0x99, 0x2d,
-	0xd6, 0xe7, 0x60, 0x9a, 0xcb, 0x46, 0xb5, 0x91, 0x49, 0x29, 0x7e, 0x0b, 0xaa, 0x61, 0x3e, 0x8d,
+	0xa6, 0x9d, 0x90, 0x68, 0xcd, 0x92, 0xd4, 0x3c, 0xbe, 0x95, 0xe6, 0x03, 0xfd, 0xdd, 0xb8, 0x81,
-	0x66, 0x1a, 0x69, 0xbd, 0xb2, 0xd4, 0x3b, 0xb8, 0x95, 0x9e, 0x3e, 0xcc, 0x93, 0x4c, 0x36, 0x5a,
+	0xcf, 0x46, 0x2b, 0x93, 0x66, 0xa5, 0xde, 0x01, 0x66, 0x87, 0x08, 0xc2, 0x78, 0x2b, 0x61, 0xbe,
-	0x1a, 0x18, 0x94, 0x56, 0x0a, 0x60, 0x9c, 0x86, 0xcc, 0x0d, 0x22, 0xec, 0x85, 0x84, 0x69, 0xbd,
+	0x56, 0x06, 0x52, 0xf9, 0xe8, 0x56, 0xca, 0xfa, 0x3d, 0x98, 0xe6, 0xb2, 0x51, 0x6d, 0x64, 0x52,
-	0x8a, 0xd4, 0x7b, 0x79, 0x2b, 0xbd, 0xfb, 0x4a, 0xef, 0x3a, 0x9b, 0x8d, 0xcc, 0xdc, 0xf8, 0x52,
+	0x8a, 0x5f, 0x83, 0x6a, 0x90, 0x4d, 0xa3, 0x95, 0x84, 0x5a, 0xaf, 0x2c, 0xf5, 0x0e, 0x6e, 0xa5,
-	0xd9, 0x94, 0xac, 0x0f, 0x2a, 0x4d, 0xc2, 0xa2, 0x30, 0xd1, 0x82, 0x4b, 0x52, 0x70, 0xff, 0x56,
+	0xa7, 0x5f, 0xe6, 0x49, 0x26, 0x1b, 0x2d, 0x0d, 0x0d, 0x4a, 0x2b, 0x01, 0x30, 0x4a, 0x02, 0xe6,
-	0x82, 0xba, 0x4f, 0xc7, 0x79, 0x6c, 0x54, 0x56, 0x70, 0xa8, 0x12, 0xd1, 0xc4, 0xa7, 0x03, 0x95,
+	0xf8, 0x21, 0x76, 0x03, 0xc2, 0xb4, 0x5e, 0x45, 0xea, 0xbd, 0xbc, 0x95, 0xde, 0x7d, 0xa5, 0x77,
-	0xe5, 0xbb, 0xab, 0x8c, 0xf3, 0xd8, 0xa8, 0xac, 0xa0, 0x52, 0xe9, 0x82, 0x15, 0xcc, 0x18, 0x7d,
+	0x9d, 0xcd, 0x46, 0x66, 0x66, 0x7c, 0xa9, 0x6c, 0x4a, 0xd6, 0x03, 0x95, 0x16, 0x61, 0x61, 0x10,
-	0x3b, 0x55, 0x43, 0x28, 0xc5, 0x5e, 0xdd, 0x4a, 0x6c, 0x5d, 0x89, 0xdd, 0x40, 0x67, 0xa3, 0x65,
+	0x6b, 0xc1, 0x25, 0x29, 0xb8, 0x7f, 0x2b, 0x41, 0xdd, 0xa7, 0xe3, 0x3c, 0x36, 0x2a, 0x2b, 0x98,
-	0x69, 0x9d, 0xa8, 0x22, 0x05, 0x66, 0x4c, 0x58, 0x40, 0xc6, 0xef, 0x81, 0x95, 0xbb, 0xb7, 0xe6,
+	0xab, 0x84, 0x34, 0xf6, 0xe8, 0x50, 0x65, 0xf9, 0xee, 0x2a, 0xe3, 0x3c, 0x36, 0x2a, 0x2b, 0xa8,
-	0x34, 0x97, 0x8d, 0xaa, 0xd2, 0x34, 0xfc, 0xf6, 0x9f, 0x14, 0x8d, 0xaa, 0x59, 0x3b, 0x29, 0x1a,
+	0x54, 0x7a, 0x60, 0x05, 0x33, 0x46, 0xdf, 0x4d, 0xd5, 0x10, 0x4a, 0xb1, 0x57, 0xb7, 0x12, 0x5b,
-	0x35, 0xd3, 0x3c, 0x29, 0x1a, 0xa6, 0xb9, 0x8c, 0x96, 0x7a, 0x34, 0xa2, 0x6e, 0xe7, 0x89, 0xca,
+	0x57, 0x62, 0x37, 0xd0, 0xd9, 0x68, 0x59, 0x5a, 0x27, 0xaa, 0x48, 0x81, 0x19, 0x11, 0xe6, 0x93,
-	0x40, 0x65, 0xf2, 0x16, 0x73, 0x7d, 0x90, 0x51, 0xd5, 0xc3, 0x02, 0x47, 0x3d, 0x2e, 0x34, 0x5d,
+	0xf1, 0x73, 0x60, 0xe5, 0xee, 0xad, 0x39, 0xcd, 0x65, 0xa3, 0xaa, 0x34, 0xe5, 0xdf, 0xfe, 0x93,
-	0x03, 0xcc, 0x9f, 0x89, 0xfc, 0x5d, 0x60, 0x82, 0xc2, 0x05, 0xe9, 0xa9, 0x0b, 0x12, 0xe5, 0x43,
+	0xa2, 0x51, 0x35, 0x6b, 0x27, 0x45, 0xa3, 0x66, 0x9a, 0x27, 0x45, 0xc3, 0x34, 0x97, 0xd1, 0x52,
-	0xb8, 0x0a, 0xe6, 0x3b, 0x38, 0x4a, 0xd5, 0x03, 0xa3, 0x84, 0x14, 0xb0, 0x4f, 0x41, 0xed, 0x9c,
+	0x9f, 0x86, 0xd4, 0xe9, 0x3e, 0x51, 0x19, 0xa8, 0x4c, 0xde, 0x61, 0xae, 0x5f, 0x64, 0x54, 0x75,
-	0xe1, 0x84, 0x63, 0x4f, 0x84, 0x34, 0x79, 0x4d, 0x03, 0x0e, 0x21, 0x28, 0xca, 0x0f, 0xb5, 0xca,
+	0xb1, 0xc0, 0x61, 0x9f, 0x0b, 0x4d, 0xd7, 0x00, 0xf3, 0x67, 0x22, 0xbb, 0x75, 0x98, 0xa0, 0x70,
-	0x95, 0x63, 0xf8, 0x3f, 0x50, 0x8c, 0x68, 0xc0, 0xeb, 0x73, 0x9b, 0x85, 0xad, 0xf2, 0xee, 0xbd,
+	0x41, 0xfa, 0xea, 0x80, 0x44, 0xd9, 0x10, 0xae, 0x82, 0xf9, 0x2e, 0x0e, 0x13, 0x75, 0x7d, 0x29,
-	0xeb, 0x57, 0xfc, 0x6b, 0x1a, 0x20, 0x19, 0x62, 0xff, 0x3a, 0x07, 0x0a, 0xaf, 0x69, 0x00, 0xeb,
+	0x21, 0x05, 0xec, 0x53, 0x50, 0x3b, 0x67, 0x38, 0xe6, 0xd8, 0x15, 0x01, 0x8d, 0x5f, 0x53, 0x9f,
-	0x60, 0x11, 0xfb, 0x3e, 0x23, 0x9c, 0x6b, 0xa6, 0x01, 0x84, 0x6b, 0x60, 0x41, 0xd0, 0x76, 0xe8,
+	0x43, 0x08, 0x8a, 0xf2, 0x43, 0xad, 0x72, 0xe5, 0x18, 0xfe, 0x03, 0x14, 0x43, 0xea, 0xf3, 0xfa,
-	0x29, 0xba, 0x12, 0xd2, 0x28, 0x17, 0xf6, 0xb1, 0xc0, 0xf2, 0xaa, 0xab, 0x20, 0x39, 0x86, 0xbb,
+	0xdc, 0x66, 0x61, 0xab, 0xbc, 0x7b, 0xef, 0xfa, 0x05, 0xe2, 0x35, 0xf5, 0x91, 0x0c, 0xb1, 0x7f,
-	0xa0, 0x22, 0x57, 0xe6, 0x26, 0x69, 0xdc, 0x24, 0x4c, 0xde, 0x58, 0x45, 0xa7, 0x76, 0x95, 0x59,
+	0x99, 0x03, 0x85, 0xd7, 0xd4, 0x87, 0x75, 0xb0, 0x88, 0x3d, 0x8f, 0x11, 0xce, 0x35, 0xd3, 0x10,
-	0x65, 0x69, 0xff, 0x5c, 0x9a, 0xd1, 0x38, 0x80, 0x0f, 0xc1, 0xa2, 0xe8, 0x8e, 0x5f, 0x36, 0x2b,
+	0xc2, 0x35, 0xb0, 0x20, 0x68, 0x27, 0x70, 0x15, 0x5d, 0x09, 0x69, 0x94, 0x09, 0x7b, 0x58, 0x60,
-	0x57, 0x99, 0x55, 0x13, 0xa3, 0x65, 0xe6, 0x77, 0x09, 0x5a, 0x10, 0x5d, 0x79, 0xa7, 0x34, 0x80,
+	0x79, 0xd4, 0x55, 0x90, 0x1c, 0xc3, 0x5d, 0x50, 0x91, 0x2b, 0x73, 0xe2, 0x24, 0x6a, 0x11, 0x26,
-	0x21, 0xba, 0x6e, 0x98, 0xf8, 0xa4, 0x2b, 0xef, 0x93, 0xa2, 0xb3, 0x7a, 0x95, 0x59, 0xe6, 0x58,
+	0x4f, 0xac, 0x62, 0xb3, 0x76, 0x95, 0x5a, 0x65, 0x69, 0xff, 0x8f, 0x34, 0xa3, 0x71, 0x00, 0x1f,
-	0xf8, 0x71, 0xee, 0x43, 0x8b, 0xa2, 0x2b, 0x07, 0xf0, 0x21, 0x00, 0x6a, 0x4a, 0x52, 0x41, 0xdd,
+	0x82, 0x45, 0xd1, 0x1b, 0x3f, 0x6c, 0x56, 0xae, 0x52, 0xab, 0x26, 0x46, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xce, 0x12,
-	0x06, 0x4b, 0x57, 0x99, 0x55, 0x92, 0x56, 0xc9, 0x3d, 0x1a, 0x42, 0x1b, 0xcc, 0x2b, 0x6e, 0x43,
+	0xb4, 0x20, 0x7a, 0xf2, 0x4c, 0x69, 0x00, 0x43, 0xf4, 0x9c, 0x20, 0xf6, 0x48, 0x4f, 0x9e, 0x27,
-	0x72, 0x57, 0xae, 0x32, 0xcb, 0x88, 0x68, 0xa0, 0x38, 0x95, 0x2b, 0x2f, 0x15, 0x23, 0x31, 0xed,
+	0xc5, 0xe6, 0xea, 0x55, 0x6a, 0x99, 0x63, 0xe1, 0xc7, 0x99, 0x0f, 0x2d, 0x8a, 0x9e, 0x1c, 0xc0,
-	0x10, 0x5f, 0x7e, 0x70, 0x0d, 0x34, 0x80, 0xf6, 0x8f, 0x73, 0xc0, 0x38, 0xef, 0x22, 0xc2, 0xd3,
+	0x87, 0x00, 0xa8, 0x29, 0x49, 0x05, 0x75, 0x1a, 0x2c, 0x5d, 0xa5, 0x56, 0x49, 0x5a, 0x25, 0xf7,
-	0x48, 0xc0, 0x17, 0xc0, 0xf4, 0x68, 0x22, 0x18, 0xf6, 0x84, 0x3b, 0x51, 0x5a, 0xe7, 0xc1, 0xa8,
+	0x68, 0x08, 0x6d, 0x30, 0xaf, 0xb8, 0x0d, 0xc9, 0x5d, 0xb9, 0x4a, 0x2d, 0x23, 0xa4, 0xbe, 0xe2,
-	0xc3, 0xa6, 0x23, 0x6c, 0x54, 0x1b, 0x98, 0xf6, 0x75, 0xfd, 0x57, 0xc1, 0x7c, 0x33, 0xa2, 0x34,
+	0x54, 0xae, 0xac, 0x54, 0x8c, 0x44, 0xb4, 0x4b, 0x3c, 0xf9, 0xc1, 0x35, 0xd0, 0x10, 0xda, 0xdf,
-	0x96, 0x9d, 0x50, 0x41, 0x0a, 0x40, 0x24, 0xab, 0x26, 0x77, 0xb9, 0x20, 0x1f, 0x72, 0xff, 0xb9,
+	0xcf, 0x01, 0xe3, 0xbc, 0x87, 0x08, 0x4f, 0x42, 0x01, 0x5f, 0x00, 0xd3, 0xa5, 0xb1, 0x60, 0xd8,
-	0xbe, 0xcb, 0x53, 0xad, 0xe2, 0xac, 0xe9, 0xc7, 0x5c, 0x55, 0x69, 0xeb, 0x7c, 0x3b, 0xaf, 0xad,
+	0x15, 0xce, 0x44, 0x69, 0x9b, 0x0f, 0x46, 0x1d, 0x36, 0x1d, 0x61, 0xa3, 0xda, 0xd0, 0xb4, 0xaf,
-	0x6c, 0x25, 0x13, 0x14, 0x18, 0x11, 0x72, 0xd3, 0x2a, 0x28, 0x1f, 0xc2, 0x75, 0x60, 0x30, 0xd2,
+	0xeb, 0xbf, 0x0a, 0xe6, 0x5b, 0x21, 0xa5, 0x91, 0xec, 0x84, 0x0a, 0x52, 0x00, 0x22, 0x59, 0x35,
-	0x21, 0x4c, 0x10, 0x5f, 0x6e, 0x8e, 0x81, 0x86, 0x18, 0xde, 0x07, 0x46, 0x80, 0xb9, 0x9b, 0x72,
+	0xb9, 0xcb, 0x05, 0x79, 0x4d, 0xfc, 0xdb, 0xf5, 0x5d, 0x9e, 0x6a, 0x95, 0xe6, 0x9a, 0xbe, 0x2a,
-	0xe2, 0xab, 0x9d, 0x40, 0x8b, 0x01, 0xe6, 0x5f, 0x72, 0xe2, 0x3f, 0x2b, 0xfe, 0xf0, 0xb3, 0x35,
+	0x56, 0x95, 0xb6, 0xce, 0xb7, 0xb3, 0xda, 0xca, 0x56, 0x32, 0x41, 0x81, 0x11, 0x21, 0x37, 0xad,
-	0x63, 0x63, 0x50, 0xde, 0xf7, 0x3c, 0xc2, 0xf9, 0x79, 0xda, 0x8e, 0xc8, 0x5f, 0x74, 0xd8, 0x2e,
+	0x82, 0xb2, 0x21, 0x5c, 0x07, 0x06, 0x23, 0x5d, 0xc2, 0x04, 0xf1, 0xe4, 0xe6, 0x18, 0x28, 0xc7,
-	0xa8, 0x70, 0x41, 0x19, 0x0e, 0x88, 0x7b, 0x41, 0x7a, 0xba, 0xcf, 0x54, 0xd7, 0x68, 0xfb, 0xa7,
+	0xf0, 0x3e, 0x30, 0xb2, 0xab, 0x64, 0xc2, 0x89, 0xa7, 0x76, 0x02, 0x2d, 0xfa, 0x98, 0xff, 0x8f,
-	0xa4, 0xc7, 0xd1, 0x38, 0xd0, 0x12, 0x1f, 0x0a, 0xa0, 0x7c, 0xce, 0xb0, 0x47, 0xf4, 0xa3, 0x33,
+	0x13, 0xef, 0x59, 0xf1, 0xbb, 0x1f, 0xad, 0x19, 0x1b, 0x83, 0xf2, 0xbe, 0xeb, 0x12, 0xce, 0xcf,
-	0xef, 0xd5, 0x1c, 0x32, 0x2d, 0xa1, 0x51, 0xae, 0x2d, 0xc2, 0x98, 0xd0, 0x54, 0xe8, 0xf3, 0x34,
+	0x93, 0x4e, 0x48, 0xfe, 0xa0, 0xc3, 0x76, 0x41, 0x85, 0x0b, 0xca, 0xb0, 0x4f, 0x9c, 0x0b, 0xd2,
-	0x80, 0x79, 0x06, 0x23, 0xa4, 0x4b, 0x3c, 0x59, 0xc6, 0x22, 0xd2, 0x08, 0xee, 0x81, 0x25, 0x3f,
+	0xd7, 0x7d, 0xa6, 0xba, 0x46, 0xdb, 0xff, 0x4d, 0xfa, 0x1c, 0x8d, 0x03, 0x2d, 0xf1, 0xb1, 0x00,
-	0xe4, 0xf2, 0x35, 0xce, 0x05, 0xf6, 0x2e, 0xd4, 0xf2, 0x1d, 0xf3, 0x2a, 0xb3, 0x2a, 0xda, 0x71,
+	0xca, 0xe7, 0x0c, 0xbb, 0x44, 0x5f, 0x3a, 0xb3, 0x5e, 0xcd, 0x20, 0xd3, 0x12, 0x1a, 0x65, 0xda,
-	0x96, 0xdb, 0xd1, 0x04, 0x82, 0xcf, 0x41, 0x6d, 0x94, 0x26, 0x67, 0x2b, 0x6b, 0x63, 0x38, 0xf0,
+	0x22, 0x88, 0x08, 0x4d, 0x84, 0x7e, 0x9f, 0x86, 0x30, 0xcb, 0x60, 0x84, 0xf4, 0x88, 0x2b, 0xcb,
-	0x2a, 0xb3, 0xaa, 0xc3, 0x50, 0xe9, 0x41, 0x53, 0x38, 0xdf, 0x69, 0x9f, 0x34, 0xd3, 0x40, 0x36,
+	0x58, 0x44, 0x1a, 0xc1, 0x3d, 0xb0, 0xe4, 0x05, 0x5c, 0xde, 0xf5, 0xb9, 0xc0, 0xee, 0x85, 0x5a,
-	0x9f, 0x81, 0x14, 0xc8, 0xad, 0x51, 0x18, 0x87, 0x42, 0x36, 0xdb, 0x3c, 0x52, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x07,
+	0x7e, 0xd3, 0xbc, 0x4a, 0xad, 0x8a, 0x76, 0x9c, 0x65, 0x76, 0x34, 0x81, 0xe0, 0x73, 0x50, 0x1b,
-	0x25, 0xda, 0x21, 0x8c, 0x85, 0x3e, 0xe1, 0xf2, 0xf6, 0xfd, 0xbb, 0xa7, 0x3c, 0x1a, 0xc5, 0xe7,
+	0xa5, 0xc9, 0xd9, 0xca, 0xda, 0x18, 0x4d, 0x78, 0x95, 0x5a, 0xd5, 0x3c, 0x54, 0x7a, 0xd0, 0x14,
-	0x8b, 0xd3, 0xff, 0x34, 0x62, 0x12, 0x53, 0xd6, 0x93, 0xd7, 0xa9, 0x5e, 0x9c, 0x72, 0x7c, 0x26,
+	0xce, 0x76, 0xda, 0x23, 0xad, 0xc4, 0x97, 0xcd, 0x67, 0x20, 0x05, 0x32, 0x6b, 0x18, 0x44, 0x81,
-	0xed, 0x68, 0x02, 0x41, 0x07, 0x40, 0x9d, 0xc6, 0x88, 0x48, 0x59, 0xe2, 0xca, 0xf3, 0x5f, 0x91,
+	0x90, 0xcd, 0x36, 0x8f, 0x14, 0x80, 0xcf, 0x41, 0x89, 0x76, 0x09, 0x63, 0x81, 0x47, 0xb8, 0x3c,
-	0xb9, 0xf2, 0x14, 0x2a, 0x2f, 0x92, 0xce, 0x43, 0x2c, 0x30, 0xba, 0x66, 0x39, 0x29, 0x1a, 0x45,
+	0x7d, 0xff, 0xec, 0x47, 0x01, 0x8d, 0xe2, 0xb3, 0xc5, 0xe9, 0xff, 0x98, 0x88, 0x44, 0x94, 0xf5,
-	0x73, 0xfe, 0xa4, 0x68, 0x2c, 0x9a, 0xc6, 0x70, 0xfd, 0x7a, 0x16, 0x68, 0x65, 0x80, 0xc7, 0xe8,
+	0xe5, 0x71, 0xaa, 0x17, 0xa7, 0x1c, 0x6f, 0xa4, 0x1d, 0x4d, 0x20, 0xd8, 0x04, 0x50, 0xa7, 0x31,
-	0x1d, 0xe7, 0xdd, 0xe5, 0xc6, 0xec, 0xfb, 0xcb, 0x8d, 0xd9, 0x0f, 0x97, 0x1b, 0xb3, 0x3f, 0x7d,
+	0x22, 0x12, 0x16, 0x3b, 0xf2, 0xfd, 0xaf, 0xc8, 0x5c, 0xf9, 0x16, 0x2a, 0x2f, 0x92, 0xce, 0x43,
-	0xdc, 0x98, 0x79, 0xff, 0x71, 0x63, 0xe6, 0xf7, 0x8f, 0x1b, 0x33, 0x5f, 0x6f, 0x8d, 0x7d, 0xce,
+	0x2c, 0x30, 0xba, 0x66, 0x39, 0x29, 0x1a, 0x45, 0x73, 0xfe, 0xa4, 0x68, 0x2c, 0x9a, 0x46, 0xbe,
-	0x45, 0x0b, 0x33, 0x1e, 0xf2, 0xc6, 0xe8, 0x0f, 0x62, 0x57, 0xfe, 0x45, 0x94, 0x1f, 0xf5, 0xe6,
+	0x7e, 0x3d, 0x0b, 0xb4, 0x32, 0xc4, 0x63, 0xf4, 0xcd, 0xe6, 0xfb, 0xcb, 0x8d, 0xd9, 0x0f, 0x97,
-	0x82, 0xfc, 0xeb, 0xf7, 0xe4, 0xcf, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x69, 0xef, 0x82, 0x39, 0x40,
+	0x1b, 0xb3, 0x1f, 0x2f, 0x37, 0x66, 0x7f, 0xf8, 0xb4, 0x31, 0xf3, 0xe1, 0xd3, 0xc6, 0xcc, 0xaf,
-	0x0e, 0x00, 0x00,
+	0x9f, 0x36, 0x66, 0xbe, 0xd8, 0x1a, 0xfb, 0x9c, 0x8b, 0x36, 0x66, 0x3c, 0xe0, 0x8d, 0xd1, 0xef,
+	0x67, 0x4f, 0xfe, 0x80, 0xca, 0x8f, 0x7a, 0x6b, 0x41, 0xfe, 0x58, 0x3e, 0xf9, 0x3d, 0x00, 0x00,
+	0xff, 0xff, 0xc9, 0xc5, 0x98, 0x42, 0x9e, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x00,
 }
 
 func (m *Params) Marshal() (dAtA []byte, err error) {
@@ -773,6 +778,16 @@ func (m *Params) MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
 	_ = i
 	var l int
 	_ = l
+	{
+		size := m.MinGasMultiplier.Size()
+		i -= size
+		if _, err := m.MinGasMultiplier.MarshalTo(dAtA[i:]); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		i = encodeVarintEvm(dAtA, i, uint64(size))
+	}
+	i--
+	dAtA[i] = 0x32
 	{
 		size, err := m.ChainConfig.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
 		if err != nil {
@@ -1465,6 +1480,8 @@ func (m *Params) Size() (n int) {
 	}
 	l = m.ChainConfig.Size()
 	n += 1 + l + sovEvm(uint64(l))
+	l = m.MinGasMultiplier.Size()
+	n += 1 + l + sovEvm(uint64(l))
 	return n
 }
 
@@ -1925,6 +1942,40 @@ func (m *Params) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
 				return err
 			}
 			iNdEx = postIndex
+		case 6:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field MinGasMultiplier", wireType)
+			}
+			var stringLen uint64
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowEvm
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				stringLen |= uint64(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			intStringLen := int(stringLen)
+			if intStringLen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthEvm
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + intStringLen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthEvm
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			if err := m.MinGasMultiplier.Unmarshal(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			iNdEx = postIndex
 		default:
 			iNdEx = preIndex
 			skippy, err := skipEvm(dAtA[iNdEx:])

x/evm/types/params.go

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ const (
 	DefaultEVMDenom = types.AttoPhoton
 )
 
+// DefaultMinGasMultiplier is 0.5 or 50%
+var DefaultMinGasMultiplier = sdk.NewDecWithPrec(50, 2)
+
 // Parameter keys
 var (
 	ParamStoreKeyEVMDenom         = []byte("EVMDenom")
@@ -25,6 +28,7 @@ var (
 	ParamStoreKeyEnableCall       = []byte("EnableCall")
 	ParamStoreKeyExtraEIPs        = []byte("EnableExtraEIPs")
 	ParamStoreKeyChainConfig      = []byte("ChainConfig")
+	ParamStoreKeyMinGasMultiplier = []byte("MinGasMultiplier")
 
 	// AvailableExtraEIPs define the list of all EIPs that can be enabled by the
 	// EVM interpreter. These EIPs are applied in order and can override the
@@ -40,13 +44,14 @@ func ParamKeyTable() paramtypes.KeyTable {
 }
 
 // NewParams creates a new Params instance
-func NewParams(evmDenom string, enableCreate, enableCall bool, config ChainConfig, extraEIPs ...int64) Params {
+func NewParams(evmDenom string, enableCreate, enableCall bool, config ChainConfig, minGasMultiplier sdk.Dec, extraEIPs ...int64) Params {
 	return Params{
 		EvmDenom:         evmDenom,
 		EnableCreate:     enableCreate,
 		EnableCall:       enableCall,
 		ExtraEIPs:        extraEIPs,
 		ChainConfig:      config,
+		MinGasMultiplier: minGasMultiplier,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -59,6 +64,7 @@ func DefaultParams() Params {
 		EnableCall:       true,
 		ChainConfig:      DefaultChainConfig(),
 		ExtraEIPs:        nil,
+		MinGasMultiplier: DefaultMinGasMultiplier,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -70,6 +76,7 @@ func (p *Params) ParamSetPairs() paramtypes.ParamSetPairs {
 		paramtypes.NewParamSetPair(ParamStoreKeyEnableCall, &p.EnableCall, validateBool),
 		paramtypes.NewParamSetPair(ParamStoreKeyExtraEIPs, &p.ExtraEIPs, validateEIPs),
 		paramtypes.NewParamSetPair(ParamStoreKeyChainConfig, &p.ChainConfig, validateChainConfig),
+		paramtypes.NewParamSetPair(ParamStoreKeyMinGasMultiplier, &p.MinGasMultiplier, validateMinGasMultiplier),
 	}
 }
 
@@ -83,6 +90,10 @@ func (p Params) Validate() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	if err := validateMinGasMultiplier(p.MinGasMultiplier); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	return p.ChainConfig.Validate()
 }
 
@@ -127,6 +138,27 @@ func validateEIPs(i interface{}) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func validateMinGasMultiplier(i interface{}) error {
+	v, ok := i.(sdk.Dec)
+
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid parameter type: %T", i)
+	}
+
+	if v.IsNil() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid parameter: nil")
+	}
+
+	if v.IsNegative() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("value cannot be negative: %T", i)
+	}
+
+	if v.GT(sdk.OneDec()) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("value cannot be greater than 1: %T", i)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func validateChainConfig(i interface{}) error {
 	cfg, ok := i.(ChainConfig)
 	if !ok {

x/evm/types/params_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package types
 
 import (
+	sdk "github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/types"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ func TestParamsValidate(t *testing.T) {
 		{"default", DefaultParams(), false},
 		{
 			"valid",
-			NewParams("ara", true, true, DefaultChainConfig(), 2929, 1884, 1344),
+			NewParams("ara", true, true, DefaultChainConfig(), DefaultMinGasMultiplier, 2929, 1884, 1344),
 			false,
 		},
 		{
@@ -46,9 +47,9 @@ func TestParamsValidate(t *testing.T) {
 			true,
 		},
 		{
-			"invalid chain config",
+			"invalid min gas multplier",
-			NewParams("ara", true, true, ChainConfig{}, 2929, 1884, 1344),
+			NewParams("ara", true, true, DefaultChainConfig(), sdk.NewDec(2), 2929, 1884, 1344),
-			false,
+			true,
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ func TestParamsValidate(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestParamsEIPs(t *testing.T) {
-	params := NewParams("ara", true, true, DefaultChainConfig(), 2929, 1884, 1344)
+	params := NewParams("ara", true, true, DefaultChainConfig(), DefaultMinGasMultiplier, 2929, 1884, 1344)
 	actual := params.EIPs()
 
 	require.Equal(t, []int([]int{2929, 1884, 1344}), actual)
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ func TestParamsValidatePriv(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, validateBool(true))
 	require.Error(t, validateEIPs(""))
 	require.NoError(t, validateEIPs([]int64{1884}))
+	require.Error(t, validateMinGasMultiplier(sdk.NewDec(-5)))
 }
 
 func TestValidateChainConfig(t *testing.T) {