ipld-eth-statedb/direct_by_leaf/statedb.go

package state

import (
	"fmt"
	"sort"
	"time"

	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
)

const (
	// storageDeleteLimit denotes the highest permissible memory allocation
	// employed for contract storage deletion.
	storageDeleteLimit = 512 * 1024 * 1024
)

/*
   The portions of the EVM we want to leverage only use the following methods
   (The rest can be left with panics for now):

   * Exist
   * CreateAccount
   * GetCodeHash
   * AddAddressToAccessList
   * {Get,Set}Nonce
   * {Get,Set,Add,Sub}Balance
   * {Get,Set}Code
   * {Get,Set}State
   * {Get,Set}TransientState
   * Snapshot
   * RevertToSnapshot
*/

var _ vm.StateDB = &StateDB{}

type revision struct {
	id           int
	journalIndex int
}

// StateDB structs within the ethereum protocol are used to store anything
// within the merkle trie. StateDBs take care of caching and storing
// nested states. It's the general query interface to retrieve:
//
// * Contracts
// * Accounts
//
// Once the state is committed, tries cached in stateDB (including account
// trie, storage tries) will no longer be functional. A new state instance
// must be created with new root and updated database for accessing post-
// commit states.
type StateDB struct {
	db     Database
	hasher crypto.KeccakState

	// originBlockHash is the blockhash for the state we are working on top of
	originBlockHash common.Hash

	// originalRoot is the pre-state root, before any changes were made.
	// It will be updated when the Commit is called.
	originalRoot common.Hash

	// These maps hold the state changes (including the corresponding
	// original value) that occurred in this **block**.
	accounts       map[common.Hash][]byte                    // The mutated accounts in 'slim RLP' encoding
	storages       map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte    // The mutated slots in prefix-zero trimmed rlp format
	accountsOrigin map[common.Address][]byte                 // The original value of mutated accounts in 'slim RLP' encoding
	storagesOrigin map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte // The original value of mutated slots in prefix-zero trimmed rlp format

	// This map holds 'live' objects, which will get modified while processing
	// a state transition.
	stateObjects         map[common.Address]*stateObject
	stateObjectsPending  map[common.Address]struct{}            // State objects finalized but not yet written to the trie
	stateObjectsDirty    map[common.Address]struct{}            // State objects modified in the current execution
	stateObjectsDestruct map[common.Address]*types.StateAccount // State objects destructed in the block along with its previous value

	// DB error.
	// State objects are used by the consensus core and VM which are
	// unable to deal with database-level errors. Any error that occurs
	// during a database read is memoized here and will eventually be returned
	// by StateDB.Commit.
	dbErr error

	// The refund counter, also used by state transitioning.
	refund uint64

	// The tx context and all occurred logs in the scope of transaction.
	thash   common.Hash
	txIndex int
	logs    map[common.Hash][]*types.Log
	logSize uint

	// Preimages occurred seen by VM in the scope of block.
	preimages map[common.Hash][]byte

	// Per-transaction access list
	accessList *accessList

	// Transient storage
	transientStorage transientStorage

	// Journal of state modifications. This is the backbone of
	// Snapshot and RevertToSnapshot.
	journal        *journal
	validRevisions []revision
	nextRevisionId int

	// Measurements gathered during execution for debugging purposes
	AccountReads time.Duration
	StorageReads time.Duration
}

// New creates a new StateDB on the state for the provided blockHash
func New(blockHash common.Hash, db Database) (*StateDB, error) {
	sdb := &StateDB{
		db:                   db,
		originBlockHash:      blockHash,
		stateObjects:         make(map[common.Address]*stateObject),
		stateObjectsPending:  make(map[common.Address]struct{}),
		stateObjectsDirty:    make(map[common.Address]struct{}),
		stateObjectsDestruct: make(map[common.Address]*types.StateAccount),
		logs:                 make(map[common.Hash][]*types.Log),
		preimages:            make(map[common.Hash][]byte),
		journal:              newJournal(),
		accessList:           newAccessList(),
		transientStorage:     newTransientStorage(),
		hasher:               crypto.NewKeccakState(),
	}
	return sdb, nil
}

// setError remembers the first non-nil error it is called with.
func (s *StateDB) setError(err error) {
	if s.dbErr == nil {
		s.dbErr = err
	}
}

func (s *StateDB) AddLog(log *types.Log) {
	s.journal.append(addLogChange{txhash: s.thash})

	log.TxHash = s.thash
	log.TxIndex = uint(s.txIndex)
	log.Index = s.logSize
	s.logs[s.thash] = append(s.logs[s.thash], log)
	s.logSize++
}

// AddPreimage records a SHA3 preimage seen by the VM.
func (s *StateDB) AddPreimage(hash common.Hash, preimage []byte) {
	if _, ok := s.preimages[hash]; !ok {
		s.journal.append(addPreimageChange{hash: hash})
		pi := make([]byte, len(preimage))
		copy(pi, preimage)
		s.preimages[hash] = pi
	}
}

// AddRefund adds gas to the refund counter
func (s *StateDB) AddRefund(gas uint64) {
	s.journal.append(refundChange{prev: s.refund})
	s.refund += gas
}

// SubRefund removes gas from the refund counter.
// This method will panic if the refund counter goes below zero
func (s *StateDB) SubRefund(gas uint64) {
	s.journal.append(refundChange{prev: s.refund})
	if gas > s.refund {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Refund counter below zero (gas: %d > refund: %d)", gas, s.refund))
	}
	s.refund -= gas
}

// Exist reports whether the given account address exists in the state.
// Notably this also returns true for self-destructed accounts.
func (s *StateDB) Exist(addr common.Address) bool {
	return s.getStateObject(addr) != nil
}

// Empty returns whether the state object is either non-existent
// or empty according to the EIP161 specification (balance = nonce = code = 0)
func (s *StateDB) Empty(addr common.Address) bool {
	so := s.getStateObject(addr)
	return so == nil || so.empty()
}

// GetBalance retrieves the balance from the given address or 0 if object not found
func (s *StateDB) GetBalance(addr common.Address) *uint256.Int {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		return stateObject.Balance()
	}
	return common.U2560
}

// GetNonce retrieves the nonce from the given address or 0 if object not found
func (s *StateDB) GetNonce(addr common.Address) uint64 {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		return stateObject.Nonce()
	}

	return 0
}

// GetStorageRoot retrieves the storage root from the given address or empty
// if object not found.
func (s *StateDB) GetStorageRoot(addr common.Address) common.Hash {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		return stateObject.Root()
	}
	return common.Hash{}
}

// TxIndex returns the current transaction index set by Prepare.
func (s *StateDB) TxIndex() int {
	return s.txIndex
}

func (s *StateDB) GetCode(addr common.Address) []byte {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		return stateObject.Code()
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *StateDB) GetCodeSize(addr common.Address) int {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		return stateObject.CodeSize()
	}
	return 0
}

func (s *StateDB) GetCodeHash(addr common.Address) common.Hash {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		return common.BytesToHash(stateObject.CodeHash())
	}
	return common.Hash{}
}

// GetState retrieves a value from the given account's storage trie.
func (s *StateDB) GetState(addr common.Address, hash common.Hash) common.Hash {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		return stateObject.GetState(hash)
	}
	return common.Hash{}
}

// GetCommittedState retrieves a value from the given account's committed storage trie.
func (s *StateDB) GetCommittedState(addr common.Address, hash common.Hash) common.Hash {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		return stateObject.GetCommittedState(hash)
	}
	return common.Hash{}
}

// Database retrieves the low level database supporting the lower level trie ops.
func (s *StateDB) Database() Database {
	return s.db
}

func (s *StateDB) HasSelfDestructed(addr common.Address) bool {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		return stateObject.selfDestructed
	}
	return false
}

/*
 * SETTERS
 */

// AddBalance adds amount to the account associated with addr.
func (s *StateDB) AddBalance(addr common.Address, amount *uint256.Int) {
	stateObject := s.getOrNewStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		stateObject.AddBalance(amount)
	}
}

// SubBalance subtracts amount from the account associated with addr.
func (s *StateDB) SubBalance(addr common.Address, amount *uint256.Int) {
	stateObject := s.getOrNewStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		stateObject.SubBalance(amount)
	}
}

func (s *StateDB) SetBalance(addr common.Address, amount *uint256.Int) {
	stateObject := s.getOrNewStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		stateObject.SetBalance(amount)
	}
}

func (s *StateDB) SetNonce(addr common.Address, nonce uint64) {
	stateObject := s.getOrNewStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		stateObject.SetNonce(nonce)
	}
}

func (s *StateDB) SetCode(addr common.Address, code []byte) {
	stateObject := s.getOrNewStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		stateObject.SetCode(crypto.Keccak256Hash(code), code)
	}
}

func (s *StateDB) SetState(addr common.Address, key, value common.Hash) {
	stateObject := s.getOrNewStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject != nil {
		stateObject.SetState(key, value)
	}
}

// SetStorage replaces the entire storage for the specified account with given
// storage. This function should only be used for debugging and the mutations
// must be discarded afterwards.
func (s *StateDB) SetStorage(addr common.Address, storage map[common.Hash]common.Hash) {
	// SetStorage needs to wipe existing storage. We achieve this by pretending
	// that the account self-destructed earlier in this block, by flagging
	// it in stateObjectsDestruct. The effect of doing so is that storage lookups
	// will not hit disk, since it is assumed that the disk-data is belonging
	// to a previous incarnation of the object.
	//
	// TODO(rjl493456442) this function should only be supported by 'unwritable'
	// state and all mutations made should all be discarded afterwards.
	if _, ok := s.stateObjectsDestruct[addr]; !ok {
		s.stateObjectsDestruct[addr] = nil
	}
	stateObject := s.getOrNewStateObject(addr)
	for k, v := range storage {
		stateObject.SetState(k, v)
	}
}

// SelfDestruct marks the given account as selfdestructed.
// This clears the account balance.
//
// The account's state object is still available until the state is committed,
// getStateObject will return a non-nil account after SelfDestruct.
func (s *StateDB) SelfDestruct(addr common.Address) {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject == nil {
		return
	}
	s.journal.append(selfDestructChange{
		account:     &addr,
		prev:        stateObject.selfDestructed,
		prevbalance: new(uint256.Int).Set(stateObject.Balance()),
	})
	stateObject.markSelfdestructed()
	stateObject.data.Balance = new(uint256.Int)
}

func (s *StateDB) Selfdestruct6780(addr common.Address) {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject == nil {
		return
	}

	if stateObject.created {
		s.SelfDestruct(addr)
	}
}

// SetTransientState sets transient storage for a given account. It
// adds the change to the journal so that it can be rolled back
// to its previous value if there is a revert.
func (s *StateDB) SetTransientState(addr common.Address, key, value common.Hash) {
	prev := s.GetTransientState(addr, key)
	if prev == value {
		return
	}
	s.journal.append(transientStorageChange{
		account:  &addr,
		key:      key,
		prevalue: prev,
	})
	s.setTransientState(addr, key, value)
}

// setTransientState is a lower level setter for transient storage. It
// is called during a revert to prevent modifications to the journal.
func (s *StateDB) setTransientState(addr common.Address, key, value common.Hash) {
	s.transientStorage.Set(addr, key, value)
}

// GetTransientState gets transient storage for a given account.
func (s *StateDB) GetTransientState(addr common.Address, key common.Hash) common.Hash {
	return s.transientStorage.Get(addr, key)
}

//
// Setting, updating & deleting state object methods.
//

// getStateObject retrieves a state object given by the address, returning nil if
// the object is not found or was deleted in this execution context. If you need
// to differentiate between non-existent/just-deleted, use getDeletedStateObject.
func (s *StateDB) getStateObject(addr common.Address) *stateObject {
	if obj := s.getDeletedStateObject(addr); obj != nil && !obj.deleted {
		return obj
	}
	return nil
}

// getDeletedStateObject is similar to getStateObject, but instead of returning
// nil for a deleted state object, it returns the actual object with the deleted
// flag set. This is needed by the state journal to revert to the correct s-
// destructed object instead of wiping all knowledge about the state object.
// TODO:
func (s *StateDB) getDeletedStateObject(addr common.Address) *stateObject {
	// Prefer live objects if any is available
	if obj := s.stateObjects[addr]; obj != nil {
		return obj
	}
	// If no live objects are available, load from the database
	// TODO: REPLACE TRIE ACCESS HERE
	// can add a fallback option to use ipfsethdb to do the trie access if direct access fails
	start := time.Now()
	addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
	data, err := s.db.StateAccount(addrHash, s.originBlockHash)
	if metrics.EnabledExpensive {
		s.AccountReads += time.Since(start)
	}
	if err != nil {
		s.setError(fmt.Errorf("getDeletedStateObject (%x) error: %w", addr.Bytes(), err))
		return nil
	}
	if data == nil {
		return nil
	}
	// Insert into the live set
	obj := newObject(s, addr, data, s.originBlockHash)
	s.setStateObject(obj)
	return obj
}

func (s *StateDB) setStateObject(object *stateObject) {
	s.stateObjects[object.Address()] = object
}

// getOrNewStateObject retrieves a state object or create a new state object if nil.
func (s *StateDB) getOrNewStateObject(addr common.Address) *stateObject {
	stateObject := s.getStateObject(addr)
	if stateObject == nil {
		stateObject, _ = s.createObject(addr)
	}
	return stateObject
}

// createObject creates a new state object. If there is an existing account with
// the given address, it is overwritten and returned as the second return value.
func (s *StateDB) createObject(addr common.Address) (newobj, prev *stateObject) {
	prev = s.getDeletedStateObject(addr) // Note, prev might have been deleted, we need that!
	newobj = newObject(s, addr, nil, s.originBlockHash)
	if prev == nil {
		s.journal.append(createObjectChange{account: &addr})
	} else {
		// The original account should be marked as destructed and all cached
		// account and storage data should be cleared as well. Note, it must
		// be done here, otherwise the destruction event of "original account"
		// will be lost.
		_, prevdestruct := s.stateObjectsDestruct[prev.address]
		if !prevdestruct {
			s.stateObjectsDestruct[prev.address] = prev.origin
		}
		// There may be some cached account/storage data already since IntermediateRoot
		// will be called for each transaction before byzantium fork which will always
		// cache the latest account/storage data.
		prevAccount, ok := s.accountsOrigin[prev.address]
		s.journal.append(resetObjectChange{
			account:                &addr,
			prev:                   prev,
			prevdestruct:           prevdestruct,
			prevAccount:            s.accounts[prev.addrHash],
			prevStorage:            s.storages[prev.addrHash],
			prevAccountOriginExist: ok,
			prevAccountOrigin:      prevAccount,
			prevStorageOrigin:      s.storagesOrigin[prev.address],
		})
		delete(s.accounts, prev.addrHash)
		delete(s.storages, prev.addrHash)
		delete(s.accountsOrigin, prev.address)
		delete(s.storagesOrigin, prev.address)
	}
	s.setStateObject(newobj)
	if prev != nil && !prev.deleted {
		return newobj, prev
	}
	return newobj, nil
}

// CreateAccount explicitly creates a state object. If a state object with the address
// already exists the balance is carried over to the new account.
//
// CreateAccount is called during the EVM CREATE operation. The situation might arise that
// a contract does the following:
//
//  1. sends funds to sha(account ++ (nonce + 1))
//  2. tx_create(sha(account ++ nonce)) (note that this gets the address of 1)
//
// Carrying over the balance ensures that Ether doesn't disappear.
func (s *StateDB) CreateAccount(addr common.Address) {
	newObj, prev := s.createObject(addr)
	if prev != nil {
		newObj.setBalance(prev.data.Balance)
	}
}

// Snapshot returns an identifier for the current revision of the state.
func (s *StateDB) Snapshot() int {
	id := s.nextRevisionId
	s.nextRevisionId++
	s.validRevisions = append(s.validRevisions, revision{id, s.journal.length()})
	return id
}

// RevertToSnapshot reverts all state changes made since the given revision.
func (s *StateDB) RevertToSnapshot(revid int) {
	// Find the snapshot in the stack of valid snapshots.
	idx := sort.Search(len(s.validRevisions), func(i int) bool {
		return s.validRevisions[i].id >= revid
	})
	if idx == len(s.validRevisions) || s.validRevisions[idx].id != revid {
		panic(fmt.Errorf("revision id %v cannot be reverted", revid))
	}
	snp := s.validRevisions[idx].journalIndex

	// Replay the journal to undo changes and remove invalidated snapshots
	s.journal.revert(s, snp)
	s.validRevisions = s.validRevisions[:idx]
}

// GetRefund returns the current value of the refund counter.
func (s *StateDB) GetRefund() uint64 {
	return s.refund
}

// Finalise finalises the state by removing the destructed objects and clears
// the journal as well as the refunds. Finalise, however, will not push any updates
// into the tries just yet. Only IntermediateRoot or Commit will do that.
func (s *StateDB) Finalise(deleteEmptyObjects bool) {
	addressesToPrefetch := make([][]byte, 0, len(s.journal.dirties))
	for addr := range s.journal.dirties {
		obj, exist := s.stateObjects[addr]
		if !exist {
			// ripeMD is 'touched' at block 1714175, in tx 0x1237f737031e40bcde4a8b7e717b2d15e3ecadfe49bb1bbc71ee9deb09c6fcf2
			// That tx goes out of gas, and although the notion of 'touched' does not exist there, the
			// touch-event will still be recorded in the journal. Since ripeMD is a special snowflake,
			// it will persist in the journal even though the journal is reverted. In this special circumstance,
			// it may exist in `s.journal.dirties` but not in `s.stateObjects`.
			// Thus, we can safely ignore it here
			continue
		}
		if obj.selfDestructed || (deleteEmptyObjects && obj.empty()) {
			obj.deleted = true

			// We need to maintain account deletions explicitly (will remain
			// set indefinitely). Note only the first occurred self-destruct
			// event is tracked.
			if _, ok := s.stateObjectsDestruct[obj.address]; !ok {
				s.stateObjectsDestruct[obj.address] = obj.origin
			}
			// Note, we can't do this only at the end of a block because multiple
			// transactions within the same block might self destruct and then
			// resurrect an account; but the snapshotter needs both events.
			delete(s.accounts, obj.addrHash)      // Clear out any previously updated account data (may be recreated via a resurrect)
			delete(s.storages, obj.addrHash)      // Clear out any previously updated storage data (may be recreated via a resurrect)
			delete(s.accountsOrigin, obj.address) // Clear out any previously updated account data (may be recreated via a resurrect)
			delete(s.storagesOrigin, obj.address) // Clear out any previously updated storage data (may be recreated via a resurrect)
		} else {
			obj.finalise(true) // Prefetch slots in the background
		}
		obj.created = false
		s.stateObjectsPending[addr] = struct{}{}
		s.stateObjectsDirty[addr] = struct{}{}

		// At this point, also ship the address off to the precacher. The precacher
		// will start loading tries, and when the change is eventually committed,
		// the commit-phase will be a lot faster
		addressesToPrefetch = append(addressesToPrefetch, common.CopyBytes(addr[:])) // Copy needed for closure
	}
	// Invalidate journal because reverting across transactions is not allowed.
	s.clearJournalAndRefund()
}

// SetTxContext sets the current transaction hash and index which are
// used when the EVM emits new state logs. It should be invoked before
// transaction execution.
func (s *StateDB) SetTxContext(thash common.Hash, ti int) {
	s.thash = thash
	s.txIndex = ti
}

func (s *StateDB) clearJournalAndRefund() {
	if len(s.journal.entries) > 0 {
		s.journal = newJournal()
		s.refund = 0
	}
	s.validRevisions = s.validRevisions[:0] // Snapshots can be created without journal entries
}

// Prepare handles the preparatory steps for executing a state transition with.
// This method must be invoked before state transition.
//
// Berlin fork:
// - Add sender to access list (2929)
// - Add destination to access list (2929)
// - Add precompiles to access list (2929)
// - Add the contents of the optional tx access list (2930)
//
// Potential EIPs:
// - Reset access list (Berlin)
// - Add coinbase to access list (EIP-3651)
// - Reset transient storage (EIP-1153)
func (s *StateDB) Prepare(rules params.Rules, sender, coinbase common.Address, dst *common.Address, precompiles []common.Address, list types.AccessList) {
	if rules.IsBerlin {
		// Clear out any leftover from previous executions
		al := newAccessList()
		s.accessList = al

		al.AddAddress(sender)
		if dst != nil {
			al.AddAddress(*dst)
			// If it's a create-tx, the destination will be added inside evm.create
		}
		for _, addr := range precompiles {
			al.AddAddress(addr)
		}
		for _, el := range list {
			al.AddAddress(el.Address)
			for _, key := range el.StorageKeys {
				al.AddSlot(el.Address, key)
			}
		}
		if rules.IsShanghai { // EIP-3651: warm coinbase
			al.AddAddress(coinbase)
		}
	}
	// Reset transient storage at the beginning of transaction execution
	s.transientStorage = newTransientStorage()
}

// AddAddressToAccessList adds the given address to the access list
func (s *StateDB) AddAddressToAccessList(addr common.Address) {
	if s.accessList.AddAddress(addr) {
		s.journal.append(accessListAddAccountChange{&addr})
	}
}

// AddSlotToAccessList adds the given (address, slot)-tuple to the access list
func (s *StateDB) AddSlotToAccessList(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) {
	addrMod, slotMod := s.accessList.AddSlot(addr, slot)
	if addrMod {
		// In practice, this should not happen, since there is no way to enter the
		// scope of 'address' without having the 'address' become already added
		// to the access list (via call-variant, create, etc).
		// Better safe than sorry, though
		s.journal.append(accessListAddAccountChange{&addr})
	}
	if slotMod {
		s.journal.append(accessListAddSlotChange{
			address: &addr,
			slot:    &slot,
		})
	}
}

// AddressInAccessList returns true if the given address is in the access list.
func (s *StateDB) AddressInAccessList(addr common.Address) bool {
	return s.accessList.ContainsAddress(addr)
}

// SlotInAccessList returns true if the given (address, slot)-tuple is in the access list.
func (s *StateDB) SlotInAccessList(addr common.Address, slot common.Hash) (addressPresent bool, slotPresent bool) {
	return s.accessList.Contains(addr, slot)
}

// Copy creates a deep, independent copy of the state.
// Snapshots of the copied state cannot be applied to the copy.
func (s *StateDB) Copy() *StateDB {
	// Copy all the basic fields, initialize the memory ones
	state := &StateDB{
		db:                   s.db,
		originalRoot:         s.originalRoot,
		accounts:             make(map[common.Hash][]byte),
		storages:             make(map[common.Hash]map[common.Hash][]byte),
		accountsOrigin:       make(map[common.Address][]byte),
		storagesOrigin:       make(map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte),
		stateObjects:         make(map[common.Address]*stateObject, len(s.journal.dirties)),
		stateObjectsPending:  make(map[common.Address]struct{}, len(s.stateObjectsPending)),
		stateObjectsDirty:    make(map[common.Address]struct{}, len(s.journal.dirties)),
		stateObjectsDestruct: make(map[common.Address]*types.StateAccount, len(s.stateObjectsDestruct)),
		refund:               s.refund,
		logs:                 make(map[common.Hash][]*types.Log, len(s.logs)),
		logSize:              s.logSize,
		preimages:            make(map[common.Hash][]byte, len(s.preimages)),
		journal:              newJournal(),
		hasher:               crypto.NewKeccakState(),
	}
	// Copy the dirty states, logs, and preimages
	for addr := range s.journal.dirties {
		// As documented [here](https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/pull/16485#issuecomment-380438527),
		// and in the Finalise-method, there is a case where an object is in the journal but not
		// in the stateObjects: OOG after touch on ripeMD prior to Byzantium. Thus, we need to check for
		// nil
		if object, exist := s.stateObjects[addr]; exist {
			// Even though the original object is dirty, we are not copying the journal,
			// so we need to make sure that any side-effect the journal would have caused
			// during a commit (or similar op) is already applied to the copy.
			state.stateObjects[addr] = object.deepCopy(state)

			state.stateObjectsDirty[addr] = struct{}{}   // Mark the copy dirty to force internal (code/state) commits
			state.stateObjectsPending[addr] = struct{}{} // Mark the copy pending to force external (account) commits
		}
	}
	// Above, we don't copy the actual journal. This means that if the copy
	// is copied, the loop above will be a no-op, since the copy's journal
	// is empty. Thus, here we iterate over stateObjects, to enable copies
	// of copies.
	for addr := range s.stateObjectsPending {
		if _, exist := state.stateObjects[addr]; !exist {
			state.stateObjects[addr] = s.stateObjects[addr].deepCopy(state)
		}
		state.stateObjectsPending[addr] = struct{}{}
	}
	for addr := range s.stateObjectsDirty {
		if _, exist := state.stateObjects[addr]; !exist {
			state.stateObjects[addr] = s.stateObjects[addr].deepCopy(state)
		}
		state.stateObjectsDirty[addr] = struct{}{}
	}
	// Deep copy the destruction markers.
	for addr, value := range s.stateObjectsDestruct {
		state.stateObjectsDestruct[addr] = value
	}
	// Deep copy the state changes made in the scope of block
	// along with their original values.
	state.accounts = copySet(s.accounts)
	state.storages = copy2DSet(s.storages)
	state.accountsOrigin = copySet(state.accountsOrigin)
	state.storagesOrigin = copy2DSet(state.storagesOrigin)

	// Deep copy the logs occurred in the scope of block
	for hash, logs := range s.logs {
		cpy := make([]*types.Log, len(logs))
		for i, l := range logs {
			cpy[i] = new(types.Log)
			*cpy[i] = *l
		}
		state.logs[hash] = cpy
	}
	// Deep copy the preimages occurred in the scope of block
	for hash, preimage := range s.preimages {
		state.preimages[hash] = preimage
	}
	// Do we need to copy the access list and transient storage?
	// In practice: No. At the start of a transaction, these two lists are empty.
	// In practice, we only ever copy state _between_ transactions/blocks, never
	// in the middle of a transaction. However, it doesn't cost us much to copy
	// empty lists, so we do it anyway to not blow up if we ever decide copy them
	// in the middle of a transaction.
	state.accessList = s.accessList.Copy()
	state.transientStorage = s.transientStorage.Copy()
	return state
}

// copySet returns a deep-copied set.
func copySet[k comparable](set map[k][]byte) map[k][]byte {
	copied := make(map[k][]byte, len(set))
	for key, val := range set {
		copied[key] = common.CopyBytes(val)
	}
	return copied
}

// copy2DSet returns a two-dimensional deep-copied set.
func copy2DSet[k comparable](set map[k]map[common.Hash][]byte) map[k]map[common.Hash][]byte {
	copied := make(map[k]map[common.Hash][]byte, len(set))
	for addr, subset := range set {
		copied[addr] = make(map[common.Hash][]byte, len(subset))
		for key, val := range subset {
			copied[addr][key] = common.CopyBytes(val)
		}
	}
	return copied
}