begin wasm watcher engine

This commit is contained in:
Ian Norden 2020-02-19 16:32:59 -06:00
parent 94aefafd7c
commit f0c5ff8077
7 changed files with 799 additions and 1 deletions

440
pkg/ipfs/ipld/trie_node.go Normal file
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// VulcanizeDB
// Copyright © 2019 Vulcanize
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package ipld
import (
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
"github.com/ipfs/go-cid"
node "github.com/ipfs/go-ipld-format"
)
// TrieNode is the general abstraction for
//ethereum IPLD trie nodes.
type TrieNode struct {
// leaf, extension or branch
nodeKind string
// If leaf or extension: [0] is key, [1] is val.
// If branch: [0] - [16] are children.
elements []interface{}
// IPLD block information
cid cid.Cid
rawdata []byte
}
/*
OUTPUT
*/
type trieNodeLeafDecoder func([]interface{}) ([]interface{}, error)
// decodeTrieNode returns a TrieNode object from an IPLD block's
// cid and rawdata.
func decodeTrieNode(c cid.Cid, b []byte,
leafDecoder trieNodeLeafDecoder) (*TrieNode, error) {
var (
i, decoded, elements []interface{}
nodeKind string
err error
)
err = rlp.DecodeBytes(b, &i)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
codec := c.Type()
switch len(i) {
case 2:
nodeKind, decoded, err = decodeCompactKey(i)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if nodeKind == "extension" {
elements, err = parseTrieNodeExtension(decoded, codec)
}
if nodeKind == "leaf" {
elements, err = leafDecoder(decoded)
}
if nodeKind != "extension" && nodeKind != "leaf" {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected nodeKind returned from decoder")
}
case 17:
nodeKind = "branch"
elements, err = parseTrieNodeBranch(i, codec)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown trie node type")
}
return &TrieNode{
nodeKind: nodeKind,
elements: elements,
rawdata: b,
cid: c,
}, nil
}
// decodeCompactKey takes a compact key, and returns its nodeKind and value.
func decodeCompactKey(i []interface{}) (string, []interface{}, error) {
first := i[0].([]byte)
last := i[1].([]byte)
switch first[0] / 16 {
case '\x00':
return "extension", []interface{}{
nibbleToByte(first)[2:],
last,
}, nil
case '\x01':
return "extension", []interface{}{
nibbleToByte(first)[1:],
last,
}, nil
case '\x02':
return "leaf", []interface{}{
nibbleToByte(first)[2:],
last,
}, nil
case '\x03':
return "leaf", []interface{}{
nibbleToByte(first)[1:],
last,
}, nil
default:
return "", nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown hex prefix")
}
}
// parseTrieNodeExtension helper improves readability
func parseTrieNodeExtension(i []interface{}, codec uint64) ([]interface{}, error) {
return []interface{}{
i[0].([]byte),
keccak256ToCid(codec, i[1].([]byte)),
}, nil
}
// parseTrieNodeBranch helper improves readability
func parseTrieNodeBranch(i []interface{}, codec uint64) ([]interface{}, error) {
var out []interface{}
for _, vi := range i {
v := vi.([]byte)
switch len(v) {
case 0:
out = append(out, nil)
case 32:
out = append(out, keccak256ToCid(codec, v))
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unrecognized object: %v", v)
}
}
return out, nil
}
/*
Node INTERFACE
*/
// Resolve resolves a path through this node, stopping at any link boundary
// and returning the object found as well as the remaining path to traverse
func (t *TrieNode) Resolve(p []string) (interface{}, []string, error) {
switch t.nodeKind {
case "extension":
return t.resolveTrieNodeExtension(p)
case "leaf":
return t.resolveTrieNodeLeaf(p)
case "branch":
return t.resolveTrieNodeBranch(p)
default:
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("nodeKind case not implemented")
}
}
// Tree lists all paths within the object under 'path', and up to the given depth.
// To list the entire object (similar to `find .`) pass "" and -1
func (t *TrieNode) Tree(p string, depth int) []string {
if p != "" || depth == 0 {
return nil
}
var out []string
switch t.nodeKind {
case "extension":
var val string
for _, e := range t.elements[0].([]byte) {
val += fmt.Sprintf("%x", e)
}
return []string{val}
case "branch":
for i, elem := range t.elements {
if _, ok := elem.(*cid.Cid); ok {
out = append(out, fmt.Sprintf("%x", i))
}
}
return out
default:
return nil
}
}
// ResolveLink is a helper function that calls resolve and asserts the
// output is a link
func (t *TrieNode) ResolveLink(p []string) (*node.Link, []string, error) {
obj, rest, err := t.Resolve(p)
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
}
lnk, ok := obj.(*node.Link)
if !ok {
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("was not a link")
}
return lnk, rest, nil
}
// Copy will go away. It is here to comply with the interface.
func (t *TrieNode) Copy() node.Node {
panic("dont use this yet")
}
// Links is a helper function that returns all links within this object
func (t *TrieNode) Links() []*node.Link {
var out []*node.Link
for _, i := range t.elements {
c, ok := i.(cid.Cid)
if ok {
out = append(out, &node.Link{Cid: c})
}
}
return out
}
// Stat will go away. It is here to comply with the interface.
func (t *TrieNode) Stat() (*node.NodeStat, error) {
return &node.NodeStat{}, nil
}
// Size will go away. It is here to comply with the interface.
func (t *TrieNode) Size() (uint64, error) {
return 0, nil
}
/*
TrieNode functions
*/
// MarshalJSON processes the transaction trie into readable JSON format.
func (t *TrieNode) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
var out map[string]interface{}
switch t.nodeKind {
case "extension":
fallthrough
case "leaf":
var hexPrefix string
for _, e := range t.elements[0].([]byte) {
hexPrefix += fmt.Sprintf("%x", e)
}
// if we got a byte we need to do this casting otherwise
// it will be marshaled to a base64 encoded value
if _, ok := t.elements[1].([]byte); ok {
var hexVal string
for _, e := range t.elements[1].([]byte) {
hexVal += fmt.Sprintf("%x", e)
}
t.elements[1] = hexVal
}
out = map[string]interface{}{
"type": t.nodeKind,
hexPrefix: t.elements[1],
}
case "branch":
out = map[string]interface{}{
"type": "branch",
"0": t.elements[0],
"1": t.elements[1],
"2": t.elements[2],
"3": t.elements[3],
"4": t.elements[4],
"5": t.elements[5],
"6": t.elements[6],
"7": t.elements[7],
"8": t.elements[8],
"9": t.elements[9],
"a": t.elements[10],
"b": t.elements[11],
"c": t.elements[12],
"d": t.elements[13],
"e": t.elements[14],
"f": t.elements[15],
}
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("nodeKind %s not supported", t.nodeKind)
}
return json.Marshal(out)
}
// nibbleToByte expands the nibbles of a byte slice into their own bytes.
func nibbleToByte(k []byte) []byte {
var out []byte
for _, b := range k {
out = append(out, b/16)
out = append(out, b%16)
}
return out
}
// Resolve reading conveniences
func (t *TrieNode) resolveTrieNodeExtension(p []string) (interface{}, []string, error) {
nibbles := t.elements[0].([]byte)
idx, rest := shiftFromPath(p, len(nibbles))
if len(idx) < len(nibbles) {
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough nibbles to traverse this extension")
}
for _, i := range idx {
if getHexIndex(string(i)) == -1 {
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid path element")
}
}
for i, n := range nibbles {
if string(idx[i]) != fmt.Sprintf("%x", n) {
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("no such link in this extension")
}
}
return &node.Link{Cid: t.elements[1].(cid.Cid)}, rest, nil
}
func (t *TrieNode) resolveTrieNodeLeaf(p []string) (interface{}, []string, error) {
nibbles := t.elements[0].([]byte)
if len(nibbles) != 0 {
idx, rest := shiftFromPath(p, len(nibbles))
if len(idx) < len(nibbles) {
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("not enough nibbles to traverse this leaf")
}
for _, i := range idx {
if getHexIndex(string(i)) == -1 {
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid path element")
}
}
for i, n := range nibbles {
if string(idx[i]) != fmt.Sprintf("%x", n) {
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("no such link in this extension")
}
}
p = rest
}
link, ok := t.elements[1].(node.Node)
if !ok {
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("leaf children is not an IPLD node")
}
return link.Resolve(p)
}
func (t *TrieNode) resolveTrieNodeBranch(p []string) (interface{}, []string, error) {
idx, rest := shiftFromPath(p, 1)
hidx := getHexIndex(idx)
if hidx == -1 {
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("incorrect path")
}
child := t.elements[hidx]
if child != nil {
return &node.Link{Cid: child.(cid.Cid)}, rest, nil
}
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("no such link in this branch")
}
// shiftFromPath extracts from a given path (as a slice of strings)
// the given number of elements as a single string, returning whatever
// it has not taken.
//
// Examples:
// ["0", "a", "something"] and 1 -> "0" and ["a", "something"]
// ["ab", "c", "d", "1"] and 2 -> "ab" and ["c", "d", "1"]
// ["abc", "d", "1"] and 2 -> "ab" and ["c", "d", "1"]
func shiftFromPath(p []string, i int) (string, []string) {
var (
out string
rest []string
)
for _, pe := range p {
re := ""
for _, c := range pe {
if len(out) < i {
out += string(c)
} else {
re += string(c)
}
}
if len(out) == i && re != "" {
rest = append(rest, re)
}
}
return out, rest
}
// getHexIndex returns to you the integer 0 - 15 equivalent to your
// string character if applicable, or -1 otherwise.
func getHexIndex(s string) int {
if len(s) != 1 {
return -1
}
c := byte(s[0])
switch {
case '0' <= c && c <= '9':
return int(c - '0')
case 'a' <= c && c <= 'f':
return int(c - 'a' + 10)
}
return -1
}

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// VulcanizeDB
// Copyright © 2019 Vulcanize
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package watcher
import (
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/config"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/eth/core"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/postgres"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/super_node/shared"
)
// Config holds all of the parameters necessary for defining and running an instance of a watcher
type Config struct {
// Subscription settings
SubscriptionConfig shared.SubscriptionSettings
// Database settings
DBConfig config.Database
// DB itself
DB *postgres.DB
// Subscription client
Client core.RPCClient
// WASM instantiation paths and namespaces
WASMInstances [][2]string
// Path and names for trigger functions (sql files) that (can) use the instantiated wasm namespaces
TriggerFunctions [][2]string
}

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// VulcanizeDB
// Copyright © 2019 Vulcanize
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package watcher
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/libraries/shared/streamer"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/eth/core"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/postgres"
shared2 "github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/super_node/shared"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/super_node/watcher/eth"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/super_node/watcher/shared"
)
// NewSuperNodeStreamer returns a new shared.SuperNodeStreamer
func NewSuperNodeStreamer(client core.RPCClient) shared.SuperNodeStreamer {
return streamer.NewSuperNodeStreamer(client)
}
// NewRepository constructs and returns a new Repository that satisfies the shared.Repository interface for the specified chain
func NewRepository(chain shared2.ChainType, db *postgres.DB, triggerFuncs [][2]string) (shared.Repository, error) {
switch chain {
case shared2.Ethereum:
return eth.NewRepository(db, triggerFuncs), nil
default:
return nil, fmt.Errorf("NewRepository constructor unexpected chain type %s", chain.String())
}
}

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// VulcanizeDB
// Copyright © 2019 Vulcanize
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package eth
import (
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/postgres"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/super_node"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/super_node/watcher/shared"
)
// Repository is the underlying struct for satisfying the shared.Repository interface for eth
type Repository struct {
db *postgres.DB
triggerFunctions [][2]string
}
// NewRepository returns a new eth.Repository that satisfies the shared.Repository interface
func NewRepository(db *postgres.DB, triggerFunctions [][2]string) shared.Repository {
return &Repository{
db: db,
triggerFunctions: triggerFunctions,
}
}
// LoadTriggers is used to initialize Postgres trigger function
// this needs to be called after the wasm functions these triggers invoke have been instantiated
func (r *Repository) LoadTriggers() error {
panic("implement me")
}
// QueueData puts super node payload data into the db queue
func (r *Repository) QueueData(payload super_node.SubscriptionPayload) error {
panic("implement me")
}
// GetQueueData grabs super node payload data from the db queue
func (r *Repository) GetQueueData(height int64, hash string) (super_node.SubscriptionPayload, error) {
panic("implement me")
}
// ReadyData puts super node payload data in the tables ready for processing by trigger functions
func (r *Repository) ReadyData(payload super_node.SubscriptionPayload) error {
panic("implement me")
}

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@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
// VulcanizeDB
// Copyright © 2019 Vulcanize
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package watcher
import (
"sync"
"sync/atomic"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/super_node"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/super_node/watcher/shared"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/wasm"
)
// SuperNodeWatcher is the top level interface for watching data from super node
type SuperNodeWatcher interface {
Init() error
Watch(wg *sync.WaitGroup) error
}
// Service is the underlying struct for the SuperNodeWatcher
type Service struct {
// Config
WatcherConfig Config
// Interface for streaming data from super node
SuperNodeStreamer shared.SuperNodeStreamer
// Interface for db operations
Repository shared.Repository
// WASM instantiator
WASMIniter *wasm.Instantiator
// Channels for process communication/data relay
PayloadChan chan super_node.SubscriptionPayload
QuitChan chan bool
// Indexes
// use atomic operations on these ONLY
payloadIndex *int64
endingIndex *int64
backFilling *int32 // 0 => not backfilling; 1 => backfilling
}
// NewSuperNodeWatcher returns a new Service which satisfies the SuperNodeWatcher interface
func NewSuperNodeWatcher(c Config, quitChan chan bool) (SuperNodeWatcher, error) {
repo, err := NewRepository(c.SubscriptionConfig.ChainType(), c.DB, c.TriggerFunctions)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return &Service{
WatcherConfig: c,
SuperNodeStreamer: NewSuperNodeStreamer(c.Client),
Repository: repo,
WASMIniter: wasm.NewWASMInstantiator(c.DB, c.WASMInstances),
PayloadChan: make(chan super_node.SubscriptionPayload, super_node.PayloadChanBufferSize),
QuitChan: quitChan,
}, nil
}
// Init is used to initialize the Postgres WASM and trigger functions
func (s *Service) Init() error {
// Instantiate the Postgres WASM functions
if err := s.WASMIniter.Instantiate(); err != nil {
return err
}
// Load the Postgres trigger functions that (can) use
return s.Repository.LoadTriggers()
}
// Watch is the top level loop for watching super node
func (s *Service) Watch(wg *sync.WaitGroup) error {
sub, err := s.SuperNodeStreamer.Stream(s.PayloadChan, s.WatcherConfig.SubscriptionConfig)
if err != nil {
return err
}
atomic.StoreInt64(s.payloadIndex, s.WatcherConfig.SubscriptionConfig.StartingBlock().Int64())
atomic.StoreInt64(s.endingIndex, s.WatcherConfig.SubscriptionConfig.EndingBlock().Int64()) // less than 0 => never end
backFilling := s.WatcherConfig.SubscriptionConfig.HistoricalData()
if backFilling {
atomic.StoreInt32(s.backFilling, 1)
} else {
atomic.StoreInt32(s.backFilling, 0)
}
backFillOnly := s.WatcherConfig.SubscriptionConfig.HistoricalDataOnly()
if backFillOnly { // we are only processing historical data => handle single contiguous stream
s.backFillOnlyQueuing(wg, sub)
} else { // otherwise we need to be prepared to handle out-of-order data
s.combinedQueuing(wg, sub)
}
return nil
}
// combinedQueuing assumes data is not necessarily going to come in linear order
// this is true when we are backfilling and streaming at the head or when we are
// only streaming at the head since reorgs can occur
func (s *Service) combinedQueuing(wg *sync.WaitGroup, sub *rpc.ClientSubscription) {
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
for {
select {
case payload := <-s.PayloadChan:
// If there is an error associated with the payload, log it and continue
if payload.Error() != nil {
logrus.Error(payload.Error())
continue
}
if payload.Data.Height() == atomic.LoadInt64(s.payloadIndex) {
// If the data is at our current index it is ready to be processed; add it to the ready data queue
if err := s.Repository.ReadyData(payload); err != nil {
logrus.Error(err)
}
atomic.AddInt64(s.payloadIndex, 1)
} else { // otherwise add it to the wait queue
if err := s.Repository.QueueData(payload); err != nil {
logrus.Error(err)
}
}
case err := <-sub.Err():
logrus.Error(err)
case <-s.QuitChan:
logrus.Info("WatchContract shutting down")
wg.Done()
return
}
}
}()
}
// backFillOnlyQueuing assumes the data is coming in contiguously and behind the head
// it puts all data on the ready queue
// it continues until the watcher is told to quit or we receive notification that the backfill is finished
func (s *Service) backFillOnlyQueuing(wg *sync.WaitGroup, sub *rpc.ClientSubscription) {
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
for {
select {
case payload := <-s.PayloadChan:
// If there is an error associated with the payload, log it and continue
if payload.Error() != nil {
logrus.Error(payload.Error())
continue
}
// If the payload signals that backfilling has completed, shut down the process
if payload.BackFillComplete() {
logrus.Info("Backfill complete, WatchContract shutting down")
wg.Done()
return
}
// Add the payload the ready data queue
if err := s.Repository.ReadyData(payload); err != nil {
logrus.Error(err)
}
case err := <-sub.Err():
logrus.Error(err)
case <-s.QuitChan:
logrus.Info("WatchContract shutting down")
wg.Done()
return
}
}
}()
}

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@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
// VulcanizeDB
// Copyright © 2019 Vulcanize
// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
// along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
package shared
import (
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/super_node"
"github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/super_node/shared"
)
// Repository is the interface for the Postgres database
type Repository interface {
LoadTriggers() error
QueueData(payload super_node.SubscriptionPayload) error
GetQueueData(height int64, hash string) (super_node.SubscriptionPayload, error)
ReadyData(payload super_node.SubscriptionPayload) error
}
// SuperNodeStreamer is the interface for streaming data from a vulcanizeDB super node
type SuperNodeStreamer interface {
Stream(payloadChan chan super_node.SubscriptionPayload, params shared.SubscriptionSettings) (*rpc.ClientSubscription, error)
}

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@ -18,11 +18,13 @@ package wasm
import "github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/postgres" import "github.com/vulcanize/vulcanizedb/pkg/postgres"
// Instantiator is used to instantiate WASM functions in Postgres
type Instantiator struct { type Instantiator struct {
db *postgres.DB db *postgres.DB
instances [][2]string // list of WASM file paths and namespaces instances [][2]string // list of WASM file paths and namespaces
} }
// NewWASMInstantiator returns a pointer to a new Instantiator
func NewWASMInstantiator(db *postgres.DB, instances [][2]string) *Instantiator { func NewWASMInstantiator(db *postgres.DB, instances [][2]string) *Instantiator {
return &Instantiator{ return &Instantiator{
db: db, db: db,
@ -30,13 +32,14 @@ func NewWASMInstantiator(db *postgres.DB, instances [][2]string) *Instantiator {
} }
} }
// Instantiate is used to load the WASM functions into Postgres
func (i *Instantiator) Instantiate() error { func (i *Instantiator) Instantiate() error {
tx, err := i.db.Beginx() tx, err := i.db.Beginx()
if err != nil { if err != nil {
return err return err
} }
for _, pn := range i.instances { for _, pn := range i.instances {
_, err := i.db.Exec(`SELECT wasm_new_instance('$1', '$2')`, pn[0], pn[1]) _, err := tx.Exec(`SELECT wasm_new_instance('$1', '$2')`, pn[0], pn[1])
if err != nil { if err != nil {
return err return err
} }