removed old doc which got in here
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# Staking Module
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## Overview
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The Cosmos Hub is a Tendermint-based Proof of Stake blockchain system that
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serves as a backbone of the Cosmos ecosystem. It is operated and secured by an
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open and globally decentralized set of validators. Tendermint consensus is a
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Byzantine fault-tolerant distributed protocol that involves all validators in
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the process of exchanging protocol messages in the production of each block. To
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avoid Nothing-at-Stake problem, a validator in Tendermint needs to lock up
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coins in a bond deposit. Tendermint protocol messages are signed by the
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validator's private key, and this is a basis for Tendermint strict
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accountability that allows punishing misbehaving validators by slashing
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(burning) their bonded Atoms. On the other hand, validators are rewarded for
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their service of securing blockchain network by the inflationary provisions and
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transactions fees. This incentives correct behavior of the validators and
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provides the economic security of the network.
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The native token of the Cosmos Hub is called Atom; becoming a validator of the
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Cosmos Hub requires holding Atoms. However, not all Atom holders are validators
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of the Cosmos Hub. More precisely, there is a selection process that determines
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the validator set as a subset of all validator candidates (Atom holders that
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wants to become a validator). The other option for Atom holder is to delegate
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their atoms to validators, i.e., being a delegator. A delegator is an Atom
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holder that has bonded its Atoms by delegating it to a validator (or validator
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candidate). By bonding Atoms to secure the network (and taking a risk of being
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slashed in case of misbehaviour), a user is rewarded with inflationary
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provisions and transaction fees proportional to the amount of its bonded Atoms.
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The Cosmos Hub is designed to efficiently facilitate a small numbers of
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validators (hundreds), and large numbers of delegators (tens of thousands).
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More precisely, it is the role of the Staking module of the Cosmos Hub to
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support various staking functionality including validator set selection,
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delegating, bonding and withdrawing Atoms, and the distribution of inflationary
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provisions and transaction fees.
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## State
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The staking module persists the following information to the store:
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* `GlobalState`, describing the global pools and the inflation related fields
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* validator candidates (including current validators), indexed by public key and shares in the global pool
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(bonded or unbonded depending on candidate status)
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* delegator bonds (for each delegation to a candidate by a delegator), indexed by the delegator address and the candidate
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public key
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* the queue of unbonding delegations
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* the queue of re-delegations
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### Global State
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The GlobalState data structure contains total Atom supply, amount of Atoms in
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the bonded pool, sum of all shares distributed for the bonded pool, amount of
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Atoms in the unbonded pool, sum of all shares distributed for the unbonded
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pool, a timestamp of the last processing of inflation, the current annual
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inflation rate, a timestamp for the last comission accounting reset, the global
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fee pool, a pool of reserve taxes collected for the governance use and an
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adjustment factor for calculating global fee accum. `Params` is global data
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structure that stores system parameters and defines overall functioning of the
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module.
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``` go
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type GlobalState struct {
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TotalSupply int64 // total supply of Atoms
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BondedPool int64 // reserve of bonded tokens
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BondedShares rational.Rat // sum of all shares distributed for the BondedPool
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UnbondedPool int64 // reserve of unbonding tokens held with candidates
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UnbondedShares rational.Rat // sum of all shares distributed for the UnbondedPool
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InflationLastTime int64 // timestamp of last processing of inflation
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Inflation rational.Rat // current annual inflation rate
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DateLastCommissionReset int64 // unix timestamp for last commission accounting reset
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FeePool coin.Coins // fee pool for all the fee shares which have already been distributed
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ReservePool coin.Coins // pool of reserve taxes collected on all fees for governance use
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Adjustment rational.Rat // Adjustment factor for calculating global fee accum
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}
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type Params struct {
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HoldBonded Address // account where all bonded coins are held
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HoldUnbonding Address // account where all delegated but unbonding coins are held
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InflationRateChange rational.Rational // maximum annual change in inflation rate
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InflationMax rational.Rational // maximum inflation rate
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InflationMin rational.Rational // minimum inflation rate
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GoalBonded rational.Rational // Goal of percent bonded atoms
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ReserveTax rational.Rational // Tax collected on all fees
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MaxVals uint16 // maximum number of validators
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AllowedBondDenom string // bondable coin denomination
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// gas costs for txs
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GasDeclareCandidacy int64
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GasEditCandidacy int64
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GasDelegate int64
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GasRedelegate int64
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GasUnbond int64
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}
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```
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### Candidate
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The `Candidate` data structure holds the current state and some historical
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actions of validators or candidate-validators.
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``` go
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type Candidate struct {
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Status CandidateStatus
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ConsensusPubKey crypto.PubKey
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GovernancePubKey crypto.PubKey
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Owner crypto.Address
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GlobalStakeShares rational.Rat
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IssuedDelegatorShares rational.Rat
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RedelegatingShares rational.Rat
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VotingPower rational.Rat
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Commission rational.Rat
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CommissionMax rational.Rat
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CommissionChangeRate rational.Rat
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CommissionChangeToday rational.Rat
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ProposerRewardPool coin.Coins
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Adjustment rational.Rat
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Description Description
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}
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type Description struct {
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Name string
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DateBonded string
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Identity string
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Website string
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Details string
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}
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```
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Candidate parameters are described:
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* Status: it can be Bonded (active validator), Unbonding (validator candidate)
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or Revoked
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* ConsensusPubKey: candidate public key that is used strictly for participating in
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consensus
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* GovernancePubKey: public key used by the validator for governance voting
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* Owner: Address that is allowed to unbond coins.
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* GlobalStakeShares: Represents shares of `GlobalState.BondedPool` if
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`Candidate.Status` is `Bonded`; or shares of `GlobalState.Unbondingt Pool`
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otherwise
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* IssuedDelegatorShares: Sum of all shares a candidate issued to delegators
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(which includes the candidate's self-bond); a delegator share represents
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their stake in the Candidate's `GlobalStakeShares`
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* RedelegatingShares: The portion of `IssuedDelegatorShares` which are
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currently re-delegating to a new validator
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* VotingPower: Proportional to the amount of bonded tokens which the validator
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has if `Candidate.Status` is `Bonded`; otherwise it is equal to `0`
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* Commission: The commission rate of fees charged to any delegators
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* CommissionMax: The maximum commission rate this candidate can charge each
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day from the date `GlobalState.DateLastCommissionReset`
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* CommissionChangeRate: The maximum daily increase of the candidate commission
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* CommissionChangeToday: Counter for the amount of change to commission rate
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which has occurred today, reset on the first block of each day (UTC time)
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* ProposerRewardPool: reward pool for extra fees collected when this candidate
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is the proposer of a block
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* Adjustment factor used to passively calculate each validators entitled fees
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from `GlobalState.FeePool`
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* Description
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* Name: moniker
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* DateBonded: date determined which the validator was bonded
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* Identity: optional field to provide a signature which verifies the
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validators identity (ex. UPort or Keybase)
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* Website: optional website link
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* Details: optional details
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### Delegation
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Atom holders may delegate coins to candidates; under this circumstance their
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funds are held in a `Delegation` data structure. It is owned by one
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delegator, and is associated with the shares for one candidate. The sender of
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the transaction is the owner of the bond.
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``` go
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type Delegation struct {
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Candidate crypto.PubKey
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Shares rational.Rat
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AdjustmentFeePool coin.Coins
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AdjustmentRewardPool coin.Coins
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}
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```
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Description:
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* Candidate: the public key of the validator candidate: bonding too
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* Shares: the number of delegator shares received from the validator candidate
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* AdjustmentFeePool: Adjustment factor used to passively calculate each bonds
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entitled fees from `GlobalState.FeePool`
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* AdjustmentRewardPool: Adjustment factor used to passively calculate each
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bonds entitled fees from `Candidate.ProposerRewardPool`
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### QueueElem
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The Unbonding and re-delegation process is implemented using the ordered queue
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data structure. All queue elements share a common structure:
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```golang
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type QueueElem struct {
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Candidate crypto.PubKey
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InitTime int64 // when the element was added to the queue
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}
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```
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The queue is ordered so the next element to unbond/re-delegate is at the head.
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Every tick the head of the queue is checked and if the unbonding period has
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passed since `InitTime`, the final settlement of the unbonding is started or
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re-delegation is executed, and the element is popped from the queue. Each
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`QueueElem` is persisted in the store until it is popped from the queue.
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### QueueElemUnbondDelegation
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QueueElemUnbondDelegation structure is used in the unbonding queue.
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```golang
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type QueueElemUnbondDelegation struct {
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QueueElem
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Payout Address // account to pay out to
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Tokens coin.Coins // the value in Atoms of the amount of delegator shares which are unbonding
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StartSlashRatio rational.Rat // candidate slash ratio
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}
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```
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### QueueElemReDelegate
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QueueElemReDelegate structure is used in the re-delegation queue.
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```golang
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type QueueElemReDelegate struct {
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QueueElem
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Payout Address // account to pay out to
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Shares rational.Rat // amount of shares which are unbonding
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NewCandidate crypto.PubKey // validator to bond to after unbond
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}
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```
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### Transaction Overview
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Available Transactions:
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* TxDeclareCandidacy
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* TxEditCandidacy
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* TxDelegate
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* TxUnbond
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* TxRedelegate
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* TxLivelinessCheck
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* TxProveLive
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## Transaction processing
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In this section we describe the processing of the transactions and the
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corresponding updates to the global state. In the following text we will use
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`gs` to refer to the `GlobalState` data structure, `unbondDelegationQueue` is a
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reference to the queue of unbond delegations, `reDelegationQueue` is the
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reference for the queue of redelegations. We use `tx` to denote a
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reference to a transaction that is being processed, and `sender` to denote the
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address of the sender of the transaction. We use function
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`loadCandidate(store, PubKey)` to obtain a Candidate structure from the store,
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and `saveCandidate(store, candidate)` to save it. Similarly, we use
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`loadDelegation(store, sender, PubKey)` to load a delegator bond with the
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key (sender and PubKey) from the store, and
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`saveDelegation(store, sender, bond)` to save it.
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`removeDelegation(store, sender, bond)` is used to remove the bond from the
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store.
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### TxDeclareCandidacy
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A validator candidacy is declared using the `TxDeclareCandidacy` transaction.
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```golang
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type TxDeclareCandidacy struct {
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ConsensusPubKey crypto.PubKey
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Amount coin.Coin
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GovernancePubKey crypto.PubKey
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Commission rational.Rat
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CommissionMax int64
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CommissionMaxChange int64
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Description Description
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}
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declareCandidacy(tx TxDeclareCandidacy):
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candidate = loadCandidate(store, tx.PubKey)
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if candidate != nil return // candidate with that public key already exists
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candidate = NewCandidate(tx.PubKey)
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candidate.Status = Unbonded
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candidate.Owner = sender
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init candidate VotingPower, GlobalStakeShares, IssuedDelegatorShares, RedelegatingShares and Adjustment to rational.Zero
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init commision related fields based on the values from tx
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candidate.ProposerRewardPool = Coin(0)
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candidate.Description = tx.Description
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saveCandidate(store, candidate)
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txDelegate = TxDelegate(tx.PubKey, tx.Amount)
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return delegateWithCandidate(txDelegate, candidate)
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// see delegateWithCandidate function in [TxDelegate](TxDelegate)
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```
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### TxEditCandidacy
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If either the `Description` (excluding `DateBonded` which is constant),
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`Commission`, or the `GovernancePubKey` need to be updated, the
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`TxEditCandidacy` transaction should be sent from the owner account:
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```golang
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type TxEditCandidacy struct {
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GovernancePubKey crypto.PubKey
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Commission int64
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Description Description
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}
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editCandidacy(tx TxEditCandidacy):
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candidate = loadCandidate(store, tx.PubKey)
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if candidate == nil or candidate.Status == Revoked return
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if tx.GovernancePubKey != nil candidate.GovernancePubKey = tx.GovernancePubKey
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if tx.Commission >= 0 candidate.Commission = tx.Commission
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if tx.Description != nil candidate.Description = tx.Description
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saveCandidate(store, candidate)
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return
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```
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### TxDelegate
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Delegator bonds are created using the `TxDelegate` transaction. Within this
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transaction the delegator provides an amount of coins, and in return receives
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some amount of candidate's delegator shares that are assigned to
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`Delegation.Shares`.
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```golang
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type TxDelegate struct {
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PubKey crypto.PubKey
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Amount coin.Coin
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}
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delegate(tx TxDelegate):
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candidate = loadCandidate(store, tx.PubKey)
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if candidate == nil return
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return delegateWithCandidate(tx, candidate)
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delegateWithCandidate(tx TxDelegate, candidate Candidate):
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if candidate.Status == Revoked return
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if candidate.Status == Bonded
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poolAccount = params.HoldBonded
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else
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poolAccount = params.HoldUnbonded
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err = transfer(sender, poolAccount, tx.Amount)
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if err != nil return
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bond = loadDelegation(store, sender, tx.PubKey)
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if bond == nil then bond = Delegation(tx.PubKey, rational.Zero, Coin(0), Coin(0))
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issuedDelegatorShares = addTokens(tx.Amount, candidate)
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bond.Shares += issuedDelegatorShares
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saveCandidate(store, candidate)
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saveDelegation(store, sender, bond)
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saveGlobalState(store, gs)
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return
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addTokens(amount coin.Coin, candidate Candidate):
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if candidate.Status == Bonded
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gs.BondedPool += amount
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issuedShares = amount / exchangeRate(gs.BondedShares, gs.BondedPool)
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gs.BondedShares += issuedShares
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else
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gs.UnbondedPool += amount
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issuedShares = amount / exchangeRate(gs.UnbondedShares, gs.UnbondedPool)
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gs.UnbondedShares += issuedShares
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candidate.GlobalStakeShares += issuedShares
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if candidate.IssuedDelegatorShares.IsZero()
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exRate = rational.One
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else
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exRate = candidate.GlobalStakeShares / candidate.IssuedDelegatorShares
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issuedDelegatorShares = issuedShares / exRate
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candidate.IssuedDelegatorShares += issuedDelegatorShares
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return issuedDelegatorShares
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exchangeRate(shares rational.Rat, tokenAmount int64):
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if shares.IsZero() then return rational.One
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return tokenAmount / shares
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```
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### TxUnbond
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Delegator unbonding is defined with the following transaction:
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```golang
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type TxUnbond struct {
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PubKey crypto.PubKey
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Shares rational.Rat
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}
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unbond(tx TxUnbond):
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bond = loadDelegation(store, sender, tx.PubKey)
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if bond == nil return
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if bond.Shares < tx.Shares return
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bond.Shares -= tx.Shares
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candidate = loadCandidate(store, tx.PubKey)
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revokeCandidacy = false
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if bond.Shares.IsZero()
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if sender == candidate.Owner and candidate.Status != Revoked then revokeCandidacy = true then removeDelegation(store, sender, bond)
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else
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saveDelegation(store, sender, bond)
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if candidate.Status == Bonded
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poolAccount = params.HoldBonded
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else
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poolAccount = params.HoldUnbonded
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returnedCoins = removeShares(candidate, shares)
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unbondDelegationElem = QueueElemUnbondDelegation(tx.PubKey, currentHeight(), sender, returnedCoins, startSlashRatio)
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unbondDelegationQueue.add(unbondDelegationElem)
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transfer(poolAccount, unbondingPoolAddress, returnCoins)
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if revokeCandidacy
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if candidate.Status == Bonded then bondedToUnbondedPool(candidate)
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candidate.Status = Revoked
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if candidate.IssuedDelegatorShares.IsZero()
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removeCandidate(store, tx.PubKey)
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else
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saveCandidate(store, candidate)
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saveGlobalState(store, gs)
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return
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removeShares(candidate Candidate, shares rational.Rat):
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globalPoolSharesToRemove = DelegatorShareExRate(candidate) * shares
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if candidate.Status == Bonded
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gs.BondedShares -= globalPoolSharesToRemove
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removedTokens = exchangeRate(gs.BondedShares, gs.BondedPool) * globalPoolSharesToRemove
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gs.BondedPool -= removedTokens
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else
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gs.UnbondedShares -= globalPoolSharesToRemove
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removedTokens = exchangeRate(gs.UnbondedShares, gs.UnbondedPool) * globalPoolSharesToRemove
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gs.UnbondedPool -= removedTokens
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candidate.GlobalStakeShares -= removedTokens
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candidate.IssuedDelegatorShares -= shares
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return returnedCoins
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DelegatorShareExRate(candidate Candidate):
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if candidate.IssuedDelegatorShares.IsZero() then return rational.One
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return candidate.GlobalStakeShares / candidate.IssuedDelegatorShares
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bondedToUnbondedPool(candidate Candidate):
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removedTokens = exchangeRate(gs.BondedShares, gs.BondedPool) * candidate.GlobalStakeShares
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gs.BondedShares -= candidate.GlobalStakeShares
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gs.BondedPool -= removedTokens
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gs.UnbondedPool += removedTokens
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issuedShares = removedTokens / exchangeRate(gs.UnbondedShares, gs.UnbondedPool)
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gs.UnbondedShares += issuedShares
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candidate.GlobalStakeShares = issuedShares
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candidate.Status = Unbonded
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|
||||
return transfer(address of the bonded pool, address of the unbonded pool, removedTokens)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### TxRedelegate
|
||||
|
||||
The re-delegation command allows delegators to switch validators while still
|
||||
receiving equal reward to as if they had never unbonded.
|
||||
|
||||
```golang
|
||||
type TxRedelegate struct {
|
||||
PubKeyFrom crypto.PubKey
|
||||
PubKeyTo crypto.PubKey
|
||||
Shares rational.Rat
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
redelegate(tx TxRedelegate):
|
||||
bond = loadDelegation(store, sender, tx.PubKey)
|
||||
if bond == nil then return
|
||||
|
||||
if bond.Shares < tx.Shares return
|
||||
candidate = loadCandidate(store, tx.PubKeyFrom)
|
||||
if candidate == nil return
|
||||
|
||||
candidate.RedelegatingShares += tx.Shares
|
||||
reDelegationElem = QueueElemReDelegate(tx.PubKeyFrom, currentHeight(), sender, tx.Shares, tx.PubKeyTo)
|
||||
redelegationQueue.add(reDelegationElem)
|
||||
return
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### TxLivelinessCheck
|
||||
|
||||
Liveliness issues are calculated by keeping track of the block precommits in
|
||||
the block header. A queue is persisted which contains the block headers from
|
||||
all recent blocks for the duration of the unbonding period. A validator is
|
||||
defined as having livliness issues if they have not been included in more than
|
||||
33% of the blocks over:
|
||||
* The most recent 24 Hours if they have >= 20% of global stake
|
||||
* The most recent week if they have = 0% of global stake
|
||||
* Linear interpolation of the above two scenarios
|
||||
|
||||
Liveliness kicks are only checked when a `TxLivelinessCheck` transaction is
|
||||
submitted.
|
||||
|
||||
```golang
|
||||
type TxLivelinessCheck struct {
|
||||
PubKey crypto.PubKey
|
||||
RewardAccount Addresss
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If the `TxLivelinessCheck` is successful in kicking a validator, 5% of the
|
||||
liveliness punishment is provided as a reward to `RewardAccount`.
|
||||
|
||||
### TxProveLive
|
||||
|
||||
If the validator was kicked for liveliness issues and is able to regain
|
||||
liveliness then all delegators in the temporary unbonding pool which have not
|
||||
transacted to move will be bonded back to the now-live validator and begin to
|
||||
once again collect provisions and rewards. Regaining liveliness is demonstrated
|
||||
by sending in a `TxProveLive` transaction:
|
||||
|
||||
```golang
|
||||
type TxProveLive struct {
|
||||
PubKey crypto.PubKey
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### End of block handling
|
||||
|
||||
```golang
|
||||
tick(ctx Context):
|
||||
hrsPerYr = 8766 // as defined by a julian year of 365.25 days
|
||||
|
||||
time = ctx.Time()
|
||||
if time > gs.InflationLastTime + ProvisionTimeout
|
||||
gs.InflationLastTime = time
|
||||
gs.Inflation = nextInflation(hrsPerYr).Round(1000000000)
|
||||
|
||||
provisions = gs.Inflation * (gs.TotalSupply / hrsPerYr)
|
||||
|
||||
gs.BondedPool += provisions
|
||||
gs.TotalSupply += provisions
|
||||
|
||||
saveGlobalState(store, gs)
|
||||
|
||||
if time > unbondDelegationQueue.head().InitTime + UnbondingPeriod
|
||||
for each element elem in the unbondDelegationQueue where time > elem.InitTime + UnbondingPeriod do
|
||||
transfer(unbondingQueueAddress, elem.Payout, elem.Tokens)
|
||||
unbondDelegationQueue.remove(elem)
|
||||
|
||||
if time > reDelegationQueue.head().InitTime + UnbondingPeriod
|
||||
for each element elem in the unbondDelegationQueue where time > elem.InitTime + UnbondingPeriod do
|
||||
candidate = getCandidate(store, elem.PubKey)
|
||||
returnedCoins = removeShares(candidate, elem.Shares)
|
||||
candidate.RedelegatingShares -= elem.Shares
|
||||
delegateWithCandidate(TxDelegate(elem.NewCandidate, returnedCoins), candidate)
|
||||
reDelegationQueue.remove(elem)
|
||||
|
||||
return UpdateValidatorSet()
|
||||
|
||||
nextInflation(hrsPerYr rational.Rat):
|
||||
if gs.TotalSupply > 0
|
||||
bondedRatio = gs.BondedPool / gs.TotalSupply
|
||||
else
|
||||
bondedRation = 0
|
||||
|
||||
inflationRateChangePerYear = (1 - bondedRatio / params.GoalBonded) * params.InflationRateChange
|
||||
inflationRateChange = inflationRateChangePerYear / hrsPerYr
|
||||
|
||||
inflation = gs.Inflation + inflationRateChange
|
||||
if inflation > params.InflationMax then inflation = params.InflationMax
|
||||
|
||||
if inflation < params.InflationMin then inflation = params.InflationMin
|
||||
|
||||
return inflation
|
||||
|
||||
UpdateValidatorSet():
|
||||
candidates = loadCandidates(store)
|
||||
|
||||
v1 = candidates.Validators()
|
||||
v2 = updateVotingPower(candidates).Validators()
|
||||
|
||||
change = v1.validatorsUpdated(v2) // determine all updated validators between two validator sets
|
||||
return change
|
||||
|
||||
updateVotingPower(candidates Candidates):
|
||||
foreach candidate in candidates do
|
||||
candidate.VotingPower = (candidate.IssuedDelegatorShares - candidate.RedelegatingShares) * DelegatorShareExRate(candidate)
|
||||
|
||||
candidates.Sort()
|
||||
|
||||
foreach candidate in candidates do
|
||||
if candidate is not in the first params.MaxVals
|
||||
candidate.VotingPower = rational.Zero
|
||||
if candidate.Status == Bonded then bondedToUnbondedPool(candidate Candidate)
|
||||
|
||||
else if candidate.Status == UnBonded then unbondedToBondedPool(candidate)
|
||||
|
||||
saveCandidate(store, c)
|
||||
|
||||
return candidates
|
||||
|
||||
unbondedToBondedPool(candidate Candidate):
|
||||
removedTokens = exchangeRate(gs.UnbondedShares, gs.UnbondedPool) * candidate.GlobalStakeShares
|
||||
gs.UnbondedShares -= candidate.GlobalStakeShares
|
||||
gs.UnbondedPool -= removedTokens
|
||||
|
||||
gs.BondedPool += removedTokens
|
||||
issuedShares = removedTokens / exchangeRate(gs.BondedShares, gs.BondedPool)
|
||||
gs.BondedShares += issuedShares
|
||||
|
||||
candidate.GlobalStakeShares = issuedShares
|
||||
candidate.Status = Bonded
|
||||
|
||||
return transfer(address of the unbonded pool, address of the bonded pool, removedTokens)
|
||||
```
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user