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z6uB7Hr8``Px&YNCz^_?Umji4b_4umS){A%NI6J#kcwJ(W8#_1#y!-g;7SDyYAleM- zaR|gbSDxzQIMgg!j_0&*5XpJk*T+wXqrXYqA`Q~sOyoO#_Qy$`T9;o5A0m1myqgC% zp#c?RO7%iY{v3U|KoC9m+zWf@V$uKCLH-AxZQAI`h?BpeIPiZ)m!3d1ASKEc@BRmz Cisyj< literal 0 HcmV?d00001 diff --git a/docs/spec/ibc/queues.md b/docs/spec/ibc/queues.md index f118361e65..8a2b9beb36 100644 --- a/docs/spec/ibc/queues.md +++ b/docs/spec/ibc/queues.md @@ -12,70 +12,22 @@ To build useful algorithms upon a provable asynchronous messaging primitive, we Causal ordering means that if _x_ is causally before _y_ on chain A, it must also be on chain B. Many events may happen concurrently (unrelated tx on two different blockchains) with no causality relation, but every transaction on the same chain has a clear causality relation (same as the order in the blockchain). -Message passing implies a causal ordering over multiple chains and these can be important for reasoning on the system. Given _x _ +Message passing implies a causal ordering over multiple chains and these can be important for reasoning on the system. Given _x_ → _y_ means _x_ is causally before _y_, and chains A and B, and _a_ ⇒ _b_ means _a_ implies _b_: - +_A:send(msgi )_ → _B:receive(msgi )_ -_ y_ means _x_ is causally before _y_, and chains A and B, and _a_ +_B:receive(msgi )_ → _A:receipt(msgi )_ -

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+_A:send(msgi )_ → _A:send(msgi+1 )_ -_b_ means _a_ implies _b_: +_x_ → _A:send(msgi )_ ⇒ +_x_ → _B:receive(msgi )_ -_A:send(msgi )_ - -

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>>>>>

- -_ B:receive(msgi )_ - -_B:receive(msgi )_ - -

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>>>>>

- -_ A:receipt(msgi )_ - -_A:send(msgi )_ - -

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>>>>>

- -_A:send(msgi+1 )_ - -_x_ - -

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>>>>>

- -_A:send(msgi )_ - -

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>>>>>

- - _x_ - -

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>>>>>

- -_B:receive(msgi )_ - -_y_ - -

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- -_B:receive(msgi )_ - -

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- - _y_ - -

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- -_A:receipt(msgi )_ - - - -

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- - -![alt_text](images/Cosmos-IBC0.png "image_tooltip") +_y_ → _B:receive(msgi )_ ⇒ +_y_ → _A:receipt(msgi )_ +![Vector Clock image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Vector_Clock.svg) ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_clock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_clock)) In this section, we define an efficient implementation of a secure, reliable messaging queue. @@ -88,37 +40,21 @@ We can visualize a queue as a slice pointing into an infinite sized array. It ma **init**: _qhead = qtail = 0_ -**peek ** +**peek** ⇒ **m**: _if qhead = qtail { return None } else { return q[qhead] }_ -

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- -**m**: _if qhead = qtail { return None } else { return q[qhead] }_ - -**pop ** - -

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- -**m**: _if qhead = qtail { return None } else { qhead++; return q[qhead-1] }_ +**pop** ⇒ **m**: _if qhead = qtail { return None } else { qhead++; return q[qhead-1] }_ **push(m)**: _q[qtail] = m; qtail++_ **advance(i)**: _qhead = i; qtail = max(qtail , i)_ -**head ** +**head** ⇒ **i**: _qhead_ -

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- -**i**: _qhead_ - -**tail** - -

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- -**i**: _qtail_ +**tail** ⇒ **i**: _qtail_ Based upon this needed functionality, we define a set of keys to be stored in the merkle tree, which allows us to efficiently implement and prove any of the above queries. -**Key:_ (queue name, [head|tail|index])_** +**Key:** _(queue name, [head|tail|index])_ The index is stored as a fixed-length unsigned integer in big endian format, so that the lexicographical order of the byte representation of the key is consistent with their sequence number. This allows us to quickly iterate over the queue, as well as prove the content of a packet (or lack of packet) at a given sequence. _head_ and _tail_ are two special constants that store an integer index, and are chosen such that their serialization cannot collide with any possible index. @@ -132,10 +68,10 @@ As mentioned above, in order for the receiver to unambiguously interpret the mer The queue name must be unambiguously associated with a given connection to another chain, so an observer can prove if a message was intended for chain A or chain B. In order to do so, upon registration of a connection with a remote chain, we create two queues with different names (prefixes). -* _ibc::send_ - all outgoing packets destined to chain A -* _ibc::receipt_ - the results of executing the packets received from chain A +* _ibc::send_ - all outgoing packets destined to chain A +* _ibc::receipt_ - the results of executing the packets received from chain A -These two queues have different purposes and store messages of different types. By parsing the key of a merkle proof, a recipient can uniquely identify which queue, if any, this message belongs to. We now define _k =_ (_remote id, [send|receipt], index)_. This tuple is used to route and verify every message, before the contents of the packet are processed by the appropriate application logic. +These two queues have different purposes and store messages of different types. By parsing the key of a merkle proof, a recipient can uniquely identify which queue, if any, this message belongs to. We now define _k =_ _(remote id, [send|receipt], index)_. This tuple is used to route and verify every message, before the contents of the packet are processed by the appropriate application logic. ### 3.3 Message Contents @@ -151,86 +87,23 @@ _Vreceipt = (result, [success|error code])_ A proper implementation of IBC requires all relevant state to be encapsulated, so that other modules can only interact with it via a fixed API (to be defined in the next sections) rather than directly mutating internal state. This allows the IBC module to provide security guarantees. -Sending an IBC packet involves an application module calling the send method of the IBC module with a packet and a destination chain id. The IBC module must ensure that the destination chain was already properly registered, and that the calling module has permission to write this packet. If so, the IBC module simply pushes the packet to the tail of the _send_ _queue_, which enables all the proofs described above. +Sending an IBC packet involves an application module calling the send method of the IBC module with a packet and a destination chain id. The IBC module must ensure that the destination chain was already properly registered, and that the calling module has permission to write this packet. If so, the IBC module simply pushes the packet to the tail of the _send queue_, which enables all the proofs described above. The permissioning of which module can write which packet can be defined per type, so this module can maintain any application-level invariants related to this area. Thus, the "coin" module can maintain the constant supply of tokens, while another module can maintain its own invariants, without IBC messages providing a means to escape their encapsulations. The IBC module must associate every supported message type with a particular handler (_ftype_) and return an error for unsupported types. -_(IBCsend(D, type, data) _ - -

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- -_ Success)_ - - -

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- -_ push(qD.send ,Vsend{type, data})_ +_(IBCsend(D, type, data)_ ⇒ _Success)_ + ⇒ _push(qD.send ,Vsend{type, data})_ We also consider how a given blockchain _A _is expected to receive the packet from a source chain _S_ with a merkle proof, given the current set of trusted headers for that chain, _TS_: -_A:IBCreceive(S, Mk,v,h) _ - -

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- -_ match_ - -_qS.receipt =_ - -

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- - - -

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- -_Error("unregistered sender"), _ - -_ k = (_, reciept, _) _ - -

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- -_Error("must be a send"),_ - -_ k = (d, _, _) and d _ - -

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- -_A_ - -

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- -_Error("sent to a different chain"),_ - -_ k = (_, send, i) and head(qS.receipt) _ - -

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- -_i_ - -

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- -_Error("out of order"),_ - -_ Hh _ - -

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- -_TS _ - -

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- -_Error("must submit header for height h"),_ - -_ valid(Hh ,Mk,v,h ) = false _ - -

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- -_Error("invalid merkle proof"),_ - -_ v = (type, data) _ - -

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- -_(result, err) :=ftype(data); push(qS.receipt , (result, err)); Success _ +_A:IBCreceive(S, Mk,v,h)_ ⇒ _match_ + * _qS.receipt =_ ∅ ⇒ _Error("unregistered sender"),_ + * _k = (\_, reciept, \_)_ ⇒ _Error("must be a send"),_ + * _k = (d, \_, \_) and d_ ≠ _A_ ⇒ _Error("sent to a different chain"),_ + * _k = (\_, send, i) and head(qS.receipt)_ ≠ _i_ ⇒ _Error("out of order"),_ + * _Hh_ ∉ _TS_ ⇒ _Error("must submit header for height h"),_ + * _valid(Hh ,Mk,v,h ) = false_ ⇒ _Error("invalid merkle proof"),_ + * _v = (type, data)_ ⇒ _(result, err) := ftype(data); push(qS.receipt , (result, err)); Success_ Note that this requires not only an valid proof, but also that the proper header as well as all prior messages were previously submitted. This returns success upon accepting a proper message, even if the message execution returned an error (which must then be relayed to the sender). @@ -240,98 +113,22 @@ When we wish to create a transaction that atomically commits or rolls back acros To do this requires that we not only provable send a message from chain A to chain B, but provably return the result of that message (the receipt) from chain B to chain A. As one noticed above in the implementation of _IBCreceive_, if the valid IBC message was sent from A to B, then the result of executing it, even if it was an error, is stored in _B:qA.receipt_. Since the receipts are stored in a queue with the same key construction as the sending queue, we can generate the same set of proofs for them, and perform a similar sequence of steps to handle a receipt coming back to _S_ for a message previously sent to _A_: -_S:IBCreceipt(A, Mk,v,h) _ - -

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- -_ match_ - -_qA.send =_ - -

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- - - -

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- -_Error("unregistered sender"), _ - -_ k = (_, send, _) _ - -

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- -_Error("must be a recipient"),_ - -_ k = (d, _, _) and d _ - -

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- -_S_ - -

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- -_Error("sent to a different chain"),_ - -_Hh _ - -

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- -_TA _ - -

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- -_Error("must submit header for height h"),_ - -_ not valid(Hh ,Mk,v,h ) _ - -

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- -_Error("invalid merkle proof"),_ - -_ k = (_, receipt, head|tail)_ - -

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- -_Error("only accepts message proofs"),_ - -_ k = (_, receipt, i) and head(qS.send) _ - -

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- -_i_ - -

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- -_Error("out of order"),_ - -_ v = (_, error) _ - -

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- -_(type, data) := pop(qS.send ); rollbacktype(data); Success_ - -_ v = (res, success) _ - -

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- -_(type, data) := pop(qS.send ); committype(data, res); Success_ +_S:IBCreceipt(A, Mk,v,h)_ ⇒ _match_ + * _qA.send =_ ∅ ⇒ _Error("unregistered sender"), _ + * _k = (\_, send, \_)_ ⇒ _Error("must be a recipient"),_ + * _k = (d, \_, \_) and d_ ≠ _S_ ⇒ _Error("sent to a different chain"),_ + * _Hh_ ∉ _TA_ ⇒ _Error("must submit header for height h"),_ + * _not valid(Hh , Mk,v,h )_ ⇒ _Error("invalid merkle proof"),_ + * _k = (\_, receipt, head|tail)_ ⇒ _Error("only accepts message proofs"),_ + * _k = (\_, receipt, i) and head(qS.send)_ ≠ _i_ ⇒ _Error("out of order"),_ + * _v = (\_, error)_ ⇒ _(type, data) := pop(qS.send ); rollbacktype(data); Success_ + * _v = (res, success)_ ⇒ _(type, data) := pop(qS.send ); committype(data, res); Success_ This enforces that the receipts are processed in order, to allow some the application to make use of some basic assumptions about ordering. It also removes the message from the send queue, as there is now proof it was processed on the receiving chain and there is no more need to store this information. +![Successful Transaction](images/Receipts.png) - -

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- - -![alt_text](images/Cosmos-IBC1.png "image_tooltip") - - - - -

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- - -![alt_text](images/Cosmos-IBC2.png "image_tooltip") +![Rejected Transaction](images/ReceiptError.png) ### 3.6 Relay Process @@ -342,27 +139,19 @@ The relay process must have access to accounts on both chains with sufficient ba As an example, here is a naive algorithm for relaying send messages from A to B, without error handling. We must also concurrently run the relay of receipts from B back to A, in order to complete the cycle. Note that all reads of variables belonging to a chain imply queries and all function calls imply submitting a transaction to the blockchain. -_while true_ - -_ pending := tail(A:qB.send)_ - -_ received := tail(B:qA.receive)_ - -_ if pending > received_ - -_ Uh := A:latestHeader_ - -_ B:updateHeader(Uh)_ - -_ for i :=received...pending_ - -_ k := (B, send, i)_ - -_ packet := A:Mk,v,h_ - -_ B:IBCreceive(A, packet)_ - -_ sleep(desiredLatency)_ +``` +while true + pending := tail(A:qB.send) + received := tail(B:qA.receive) + if pending > received + Uh := A:latestHeader + B:updateHeader(Uh) + for i :=received...pending + k := (B, send, i) + packet := A:Mk,v,h + B:IBCreceive(A, packet) + sleep(desiredLatency) +``` Note that updating a header is a costly transaction compared to posting a merkle proof for a known header. Thus, a process could wait until many messages are pending, then submit one header along with multiple merkle proofs, rather than a separate header for each message. This decreases total computation cost (and fees) at the price of additional latency and is a trade-off each relay can dynamically adjust. diff --git a/docs/spec/ibc/specification.md b/docs/spec/ibc/specification.md index 21cbe0b6b2..9674abbb32 100644 --- a/docs/spec/ibc/specification.md +++ b/docs/spec/ibc/specification.md @@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ This paper specifies the IBC (inter blockchain communication) protocol, which wa Each chain maintains a local partial order, while inter-chain messages track any cross-chain causality relations. Once two chains have registered a trust relationship, cryptographically provable packets can be securely sent between the chains, using Tendermint's instant finality for quick and efficient transmission. -We currently use this protocol for secure value transfer in the Cosmos Hub, but the protocol can support arbitrary application logic. Details of how Cosmos Hub uses IBC to securely route and transfer value are provided in a separate paper, along with a framework for expressing global invariants. Designing secure communication logic for other types of applications is still an area of research. +We currently use this protocol for secure value transfer in the Cosmos Hub, but the protocol can support arbitrary application logic. Details of how Cosmos Hub uses IBC to securely route and transfer value ar +e provided in a separate paper, along with a framework for expressing global invariants. Designing secure communication logic for other types of applications is still an area of research. The protocol makes no assumptions of block times or network delays in the transmission of the packets between chains and requires cryptographic proofs for every message, and thus is highly robust in a heterogeneous environment with Byzantine actors. This paper explains the requirements and structure of the Cosmos IBC protocol. It aims to provide enough detail to fully understand and analyze the security of the protocol.

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